说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
61. (27648-!-item-!-188;#058&003611)
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears
was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
(A) it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors
who
(B) it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human
ancestors
(C) it appears to have been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that
human ancestors
(D) appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
(E) appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors
who
A. What从句中出现what和it两个主语，以及appears和was两个谓语，句子结构错误
B. What从句中出现what和it两个主语，以及appears和had been两个谓语，句子结构错误；had been
过去完成时态错误。
C. What从句中出现what和it两个主语，句子结构错误；stunning evidence的主语也不清晰；have
been现在完成时态错误。
D. 正确，stunning evidence作为同位语，概括性同位语在句尾对句子进行进一步拓展。
E. What appears that it is… 罗嗦笨拙；stunning evidence of human ancestors who…结构中，who
从句为附属结构，核心部分仅为evidence of human ancestors，人类祖先的证据，而人类祖先怎
么样了，证据证明了人类祖先的什么事情这些关键信息，在句子当中都被掩埋了。这种表达方式
是GMAT常见错误之一。
句子结构：Researchers… have unearthed 400,000-year-old spears from…, stunning evidence
that….
What引导的从句表示一地点，作from的宾语；stunning evidence概括前句，作同位语，that从句进一
步对句子意思进行扩充。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 动词形式（Verb Form）, 习惯用语（Idiom）
1) that/what/which/who…等引导的从句中，that/what/which/who等词汇本身充当从句主语。
2) 科学家发现是对客观事实的描述，句子使用一般现在时态appears to be…句型，后面直接接相应
的名词结构即可。不需要使用完成时态。
3) appear to be something, appear that…. 都是正确的表达方式，appear为动词。
62. (27694-!-item-!-188;#058&003624)
A survey of 765 working women over eighteen years of age found that 60 percent of them worked
40 or more hours a week and for married women with children under eighteen it was more likely
that they would work different shifts from their husbands.
(A) for married women with children under eighteen it was more likely that they would work different
shifts from their husbands
(B) for married women whose children were under eighteen, they were more likely than other
married women to work shifts different from their husbands'
(C) when married women had children under eighteen it was more likely for them to be working
different shifts from those of their husbands'
(D) that married women with children under eighteen were more likely than other married women to
work shifts different from their husbands'
(E) that when married women had children under eighteen they were more likely to be working
shifts that differed from their husbands
A. 第二个发现的内容作为谓语found的宾语，为宾语从句，that不能省略；different shifts from their
husbands 将 shifts 与 husbands 相比，比较对象不对等，此处应该使用所有格husbands’
B. 第二个发现的内容作为谓语found的宾语，为宾语从句，that不能省略
C. 第二个发现的内容作为谓语found的宾语，为宾语从句，that不能省略；when引导时间状语从句，
表达的意思与原句不同；be working时态错误；those of their husbands’为双重所有格，错误，
正确的表达方式应该为those of their husbands，或者their husbands’。
D. 正确。
E. That differed from their husbands修饰对象为shifts，即，将husband与shifts相比较，比较对象
不对等；when引导时间状语从句，表达的意思与原句不同；be working时态错误。
句子结构：A survey found that… and that….
句子描述一个调查的两个发现，两个发现分别由that引起的宾语从句表示，两者平行。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 宾语从句中的that不能省略。
2) GAMT中，不允许出现双重所有格。
63. (27740-!-item-!-188;#058&003625)
Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves an average of 14.1 percent on
health-care costs each year in the United States.
(A) Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves
(B) Compared with nonrunners, people who run three days a week save
(C) Compared to not running, those running for three days a week save
(D) When compared with those who do not, people running three days a week save
(E) When compared to nonrunners, running three days a week saves
A. running three days和those who do not (run)比较，比较对象不对等
B. 正确。
C. running与people比较，比较对象不对等。
D. do not没有可指代的动作,因为后面是用现在分词running作定语,而不是people who run…。
E. nonrunners与running比较，比较对象不对等。
句子结构：Compare with/to A, B saves…. 比较结构。
其中，A为一种类型的人，即nonrunners，相应的，B为另一种类型的人，即每个星期固定跑三天步
的人
比较（Comparison）, 有效用词（Diction）、指代一致（Agreement）
1) compared to位于句首，被比较的对象即为句子主语。比较要求比较对象对等。Compared with/to
都可以表示比较，GMAT不将二者区别作为考点。
2) 助动词do在比较句的省略结构中必须有可指代的动词。
64. (27882-!-item-!-188;#058&003676)
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon
dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in
some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.
(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as
hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced
altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with
alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as
hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced
altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
A. By后面接fossil fuels，句子关键意思被从句掩埋（类似的错误读者可以参考本书P2-61、P2-73
题）；
B. By后面接fossil fuels，句子关键意思被从句掩埋；并列结构中的介词by不能省略
C. 正确，此处，in some cases，有些时候、场合，为插入语。
D. By more efficiency in doing something不如by doing something more efficiently直接、简洁、有
效；by more efficiency and by alternatives，by的两个宾语不对称
E. 名词性质的结构by the more efficient burning不如动词性质的结构by burning直接、简洁、有效
句子结构：The majority of scientists believe that….为句子主结构。
That后面的部分为主结构的宾语从句。在该宾语从句中，to reduce and stabilize表目的，emissions
must be cut by… and by….为主结构。By引起的部分为减少排放量的方式、方法。
简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）, 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 为了表达“通过作某事，使得…”这一意思，只有by doing才是正确的表达方法。其他方式如：by
后面直接加名词或名词性结构，不能表达出句子想要表达的意思。通过利用从句，掩埋句子关键，
使句子没有表达出事宜，是GMAT的常见错误之一。
2) 当名词选项和对应的动词选项同时出现时，一般情况下动词选项为正确答案，因为动作性更强，
更直接，也就更精确。当形容词选项和动词选项同时出现时，同理，选动词选项
3) by doing something and, in some cases, by doing something. And连接的两部分要求结构平行，
含义对称。
65. (27928-!-item-!-188;#058&003732)
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the
biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any
similar dinosaur type that previously was found in North America.
(A) and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that
previously was
(B) and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously
(C) and the fossils are at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur types that previously
were
(D) fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously
(E) fossils at least 25 million years older than similar dinosaur types that were previously
A. They指代不清，可以指代paleontologists，或者指代fossils；
B. and that与前句的announced that中的that平行，作为主句谓语announced的并列宾语从句，and
that前面不应该加逗号；they指代不清；比较对象均不对等。
C. fossils与dinosaur type比较，比较对象不对等。
D. 正确。
E. fossils与dinosaur type比较，比较对象不对等。
句子结构：A group of… announced that…
本句逗号以前为主句。逗号后部分为同位语，加that定语从句进一步描述fossils，对句子内容和含义
进行拓展，是GMAT常见句型。
指代一致（Agreement）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 代词指代要求明确、清晰。
2) than比较句中，比较对象要求对等，those/that的指代对象要清楚合理。
66. (27974-!-item-!-188;#058&003736)
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly
documenting East African cave paintings.
(A) Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid
activity and painstakingly documenting
(B) Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid
activity and by painstakingly documenting
(C) Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
(D) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of
(E) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
A. discovery和documenting不平行。
B. discovery和documenting不平行。
C. 该选项采用了Mary Leakey was a contributor…with x and with y句型，没有明确Mary Leakey的
贡献与x/y之间的关系，be a contributor所表达的意思与原句不同。比如说，I am a singer with a
five-year old kid. 我是一个有个五岁小孩的歌手，但是有小孩和是歌手之间并没有直接联系。换
到这个句子当中来，Mary Leakey was a contributor with a five-year old kid.同理成立，但是kid
和contributor之间没有联系，并不是Mary有个五岁小孩所以就是贡献者。同理理解该选项的问题。
相比之下，D选项直接明了的说，Mary Leakey的贡献就是她的发现以及对洞穴画的记录和描述，
清晰直接的说出了句子内容之间的联系。所以，相比之下，C选项不如D
D. 正确。
E. discovering和documentation不平行。
句子结构：Mary Leakey’s contributions to archaeology include x and y. 其中，x、y为结构平行，含
义对称的结构。
平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 名词性的名词结构，和动词性的名词结构（动名词等）是有区别的。在判断某一平行结构是否正
确时，这两种结构虽然从语法层次都属于名词结构，但是在含义层次一个表名词，另一个表动作，
是不同的概念，不可以平行。比如此题中，discovery可以和documentation平行，都是名词；
discovering和documenting都是动名词，词性是名词，但是表动作含义，也可以平行；但是discovery
和documenting之间不能平行，因为含义和性质不相同。
67. (28020-!-item-!-188;#058&003766)
A pair of architects in Britain, who say that giant arches, bridges, and walls made of artificial bone
could be easier to design and build than conventional structures, and already designed a number of
structures, including a bridge, for showing how their idea would work.
(A) build than conventional structures, and already designed a number of structures, including a
bridge, for showing
(B) build than conventional structures, and they have already designed a number of structures,
which includes a bridge, to show
(C) build than conventional structures, have already designed a number of structures, including a
bridge, to show
(D) also to build than conventional structures, already designed a number of structures, including a
bridge, which shows
(E) to build than with conventional structures, have already designed a number of structures,
including a bridge, which shows
A. 句子结构不完整，主语a pair of architects in Britain，没有谓语宾语；for showing不及to show表
达方式有效。
B. 句子结构不完整，主语a pair of architects in Britain，没有谓语宾语；and they…没有平行对象；
which引导的定语从句修饰复数名词structures，其谓语应为include。
C. 正确。
D. also多余；which定语从句的谓语为单数，所以which指代bridge，与原意不同，不能表达目的含
义。
E. 比较结构错误，应去掉with；which指代bridge，与原意不同，不能表达目的含义。
句子结构：A pair of architects…, who…, have already designed…, to show….为句子主结构。Who
引导非限定性定语从句修饰architects，定语从句内部又包含一个宾语从句，以及两个平行结构。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 比较（Comparison）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 长句中，由于句子长度长、修饰成分多，特别要注意句子的基本结构的完整性。
2) who say that引导的从句中，将拱形结构与其他传统建筑结构相比较，说明拱形结构更易于设计
和建造。所以，than后面应直接接conventional structures，不需要with等介词
3) to design and build 和 to design and to build 都是正确的平行结构
4) 表目的含义用to do作全句状语最佳，这种情况下用定语从句只能修饰紧临的名词，无法表达出准
确的含义。
68. (28066-!-item-!-188;#058&003795)
Whereas heat transferred between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs more rapidly when the ocean is warmer than the air, it is slow when the ocean is colder.
(A) Whereas heat transferred between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs more rapidly when
the ocean is warmer than the air, it is slow when the ocean is colder.
(B) Unlike the slow process of heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere when the
ocean is colder than the air, heat transfers more rapidly when the ocean is warmer.
(C) The transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere is slow when the ocean is colder
than the air and more rapid when the ocean is warmer.
(D) Transferring heat between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs slowly when the ocean is
colder than the air and more rapidly when it is warmer.
(E) When the ocean is colder than the atmosphere, heat transferred between them occurs slowly,
unlike the more rapid transfer occurring when the ocean is warmer.
A. It没有符合逻辑的指代对象，因为前句的transfer是动词，而it应指代名词，才能作is slow的主语。
B. slow process与heat比较，比较对象不对等
C. 正确。
D. transfer可作名词，不需要分词形式transferring；it指代对象不清。
E. them指代不清；Unlike后面接的是transfer，但是前文没有对等的可比较的对象。
句子结构：The transfer of heat is slow when… and (is) more rapid when….
And前后连接的句子平行对称，第二个句子由于主谓都与前句相同，因此可以省略谓语is
指代一致（Agreement）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 代词it逻辑含义上来讲应该指代句中出现过的名词，才能作句子主语或宾语。
2) unlike比较结构，要求比较对象对等。
69. (28208-!-item-!-188;#058&003886)
Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest
slammed into North America, which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks the end of the
geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
(A) which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks
(B) which caused the plant and animal extinctions marking
(C) and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark
(D) an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, and it marks
(E) an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark
A. which需要有具体的指代对象，不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情；causing现在分词表示动作正
在进行或还在延续，含义不正确。
B. which需要有具体的指代对象，不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情；marking前面需要有逗号
C. and causing没有平行对象
D. and it marks….完整独立句子，构成run-on错误；it指代不清，可以指代an asteroid，也可以指代
an event，且 it 优先指代同在句子中充当主语成分的 an asteroid，不符合逻辑。
E. 正确。
句子结构：…, according to…, an asteroid … slammed into…, an event that…
划线部分以前为句子主句，an event为同位语，概括前句内容：An asteroid bigger than Mount Everest
slammed into North America. 并对其意思进行了补充和拓展。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、指代一致（Agreement）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 连词and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与从句并列。
2) which需要有具体的名词指代对象，不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情，即不能指代句子。
3) 现在分词作非限定性修饰成分，修饰先行词，表示主动、有动作正在进行还在延续的含义；相反，
使用过去分词作非限定性修饰成分，修饰先行词，表示被动，或者表示动作已经结束。
补充说明
位于句尾逗号后的同位语，如a(an) finding/discovery/theory/event等，概括前句内容，对内容进行进
一步拓展说明。这种结构一般意味着句子的结束。在这种结构后面再出现连词接完整的句子的，一般
为错误选项。
70. (28254-!-item-!-188;#058&003934)
Results from the 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey confirm that, even when
compared with densely populated countries like Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine nation's
fertility rates consistently exceed all of its Southeast Asian neighbors.
(A) like Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine nation's fertility rates consistently exceed all of
(B) like Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine nation consistently exhibits fertility rates exceeding
all
(C) such as Thailand and Indonesia, the fertility rates exhibited by the Philippine nation are
consistently exceeding those of all
(D) such as Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine nation's fertility rates consistently exceed all
those of
(E) such as Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine nation consistently exhibits fertility rates that
exceed those of all
A. Like不能用于举例；compared with将countries和fertility rate比较，exceed较fertility rate与
Southeast Asia neighbors比较，比较对象均不对等，未划线部分compared with的宾语是densely
populated countries，所以划线部分的主语只能是the Philippine nation，而不能是fertility rates。
B. Like不能用于举例；exceed较fertility rate与Southeast Asia neighbors比较，比较对象均不对等
C. compared with将countries和fertility rate比较，比较对象不对等
D. compared with将countries和fertility rate比较，比较对象不对等
E. 正确。
句子结构：Results from… confirm that….为句子主结构。
That从句内部，主要包括两个比较关系，两个比较均要求比较对象对等。
有效用词（Diction）, 比较（Comparison）
1) Like不能用于举例，举例需要用such as。
2) compared with/exceed引导的比较结构，比较对象要对等。
71. (28349-!-item-!-188;#058&003951)
Unlike other Mayan cities, Canc??n's commercial power throughout the lowlands seems to be from
using its strategic position at the foot of the highlands, which were a source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable commodities.
(A) Canc??n's commercial power throughout the lowlands seems to be from using its strategic
position at the foot of the highlands, which were a source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable
commodities
(B) Canc??n's commercial power throughout the lowlands seems to have come from using its
strategic position at the foot of the highlands, a source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable
commodities
(C) the commercial power of Canc??n throughout the lowlands seemed to have come from using its
strategic position at the foot of the highlands, a source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable
commodities
(D) Canc??n seemed to be using its strategic position at the foot of the highlands, which was a
source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable commodities, in becoming a commercial power
throughout the lowlands
(E) Canc??n seems to have used its strategic position at the foot of the highlands, a source of jade,
obsidian, and other valuable commodities, to become a commercial power throughout the lowlands
A. Unlike引起的比较，比较对象不对等
B. Unlike引起的比较，比较对象不对等
C. Unlike引起的比较，比较对象不对等
D. 进行时态错误；which引导的从句修饰highlands，谓语应为复数；use its strategic position in doing
something习语使用错误。
E. 正确。
句子结构：Canc??n seems to have used… to become…. A source of A, B, and C为同位语，修饰its
strategic position at the foot of the highlands.
比较（Comparison）, 动词形式（Verb Form）, 习惯用语（Idiom）
1) Unlike引起比较，要求比较对象对等。
2) 句子描述关于玛雅人的事情，描述客观事实可以直接采用一般现在时，to be doing，强调进行的
概念，to have done，强调过去的行为。
3) use something to do something为正确的习语，不定式to表目的，朗文的解释为：to take advantage
of a situation
72. (28395-!-item-!-188;#058&003974)
Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor's proposal of a system by which
individual teachers would be given raises or bonuses should it be that test scores show their
students' mastery of reading skills having improved over a nine-month period.
(A) should it be that test scores show their students' mastery of reading skills having
(B) should it be that test scores show their students' mastery of reading skills have
(C) should test scores showing their students' mastery of reading skills has
(D) if test scores showing their students' mastery of reading skills having
(E) if test scores show that their students' mastery of reading skills has
A. should it be that结构错误，应为：should test scores show that…；that后面接的从句没有谓语
动词
B. should it be that结构错误；that后面接的从句主语为mastery，因此谓语应为单数has
C. should位于句首引起虚拟语气下的条件状语从句，要是完整的句子，该句的showing应为show
D. if条件状语从句没有谓语，showing应改成show
E. 正确。
句子结构：Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor's proposal of a system…
为句子主结构。
by which引导从句修饰 proposal of a system. 该从句内部是一个带条件状语从句的复合句结构。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 主谓一致（Agreement）
1) should引起虚拟结构，正确的表达方式应为should sth do…；if表如果作连词连接条件状语从句，
连接完整的句子。
2) 注意区分复杂主语结构的核心词，使谓语动词单复数与其一致。
73. (28441-!-item-!-188;#058&003975)
Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from caves on islands along southeastern Alaska's coast
suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining ice-free during the last ice age.
(A) suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining
(B) suggest at least a portion of the area remaining
(C) suggests that a least a portion of the area remained
(D) suggests at least a portion of the area that had remained
(E) suggests at least a portion of the area to have remained
A. 主语为dating，谓语要用单数suggests；过去进行时态错误。
B. 主语为dating，谓语要用单数suggests；suggest用法错误，应为suggest that或suggest sth。
C. 正确。
D. 句子主结构变为Radiocarbon dating of … suggests at least a portion of the area. 至于该区域的
一部分怎么样了，句子没有交代，或者说，被掩埋在后面的从句里了
E. Suggest… to是错误的习语
句子结构：Radiocarbon dating of … suggests that….为句子主结构。
句子主语为radiocarbon dating，放射性碳元素追溯年代这一方法。
主谓一致（Agreement）, 习惯用语（Idiom）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 句子主语为radiocarbon dating，放射性碳元素追溯年代这一方法，因此谓语要求使用单数
2) 表示某一事件、发现、数据、证据等说明、表明了什么，多用“suggest that＋从句”这一表达方法
3) 对过去事实的简单描述，一般只需要采用一般过去时。如果需要强调“进行”的含义，才采用进行
时态
74. (28487-!-item-!-188;#058&003987)
Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on
pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far
stricter than the federal rules.
(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt
(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of
(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting
(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of
A. In that表示因为，与because用法相同，此处使用in that语意不通
B. By the joint adoption of…相比C选项 by jointly adopting…, 后者采用动词，更直接精确、简洁
C. 正确。
D. A plan for doing 习语使用错误；and adopting有与imposing并列的歧义。
E. A plan for doing 习语使用错误
句子结构：Thirteen states… announced a plan to impose… by jointly adopting emission limits
that….
Jointly adopting的逻辑主语为thirteen states。
习惯用语（Idiom）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) a plan for something, a plan to do something为正确的习语用法
2) in that 与because同意，且用法相同
3) 当名词选项和对应的动词选项同时出现时，一般情况下动词选项为正确答案，因为动作性更强，
更直接，也就更精确。当形容词选项和动词选项同时出现时，同理，选动词选项。
75. (28533-!-item-!-188;#058&003994)
Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received
inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be
effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
(A) having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been
(B) having, for example, a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was too low,
or being
(C) as, for example, having too low of a dosage of a prescribed drug for it to be effective, or being
(D) when they have, for example, been prescribed too low a drug dosage for it to be effective, or
were
(E) for example, when they have a drug prescription with a dosage too low to be effective, or been
A. 正确。
B. Having a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was too low, 句子罗嗦；
having…与being…主动与被动语态不平行。
C. As表示原因，作连词连接原因状语从句，要求是完整的句子，该选项as后面不能构成句子
D. When引起时间状语从句，表达的意思与原句不同；
E. When引起时间状语从句，表达的意思与原句不同；or后面的完整结构应为have been taken，此
处的have为助动词，而前面have a drug…中的have为实意动词，不能共用。
句子结构：Some patients who… may simply have received inadequate treatment, having been… or
having been…
划线部分前面为句子的主干结构，having引起状语修饰句子。having been prescribed or having been
taken off，or连接的两部分平行对称，for example为插入语。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) having引起状语修饰句子。As为表原因时为连词
2) 平列结构中省略的成分必须是起相同作用的，否则不能省略。如have既可作实意动词，也可作助
动词，在并列句中出现时要特别注意其功能。
76. (28579-!-item-!-188;#058&003996)
A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative
and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too
much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government
programs for health care, education, and the environment.
(A) they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too
powerful, while at the same time supporting
(B) they denounce big government--they say that government is doing too much and has become
too powerful--but supporting at the same time
(C) they denounce big government, say that government is doing too much and it has become too
powerful, while they support at the same time
(D) while they denounce big government, saying that government is doing too much and has
become too powerful, at the same time supporting
(E) while they are denouncing big government--they say that government is doing too much and it
has become too powerful-- supporting at the same time
A. 正确。
B. But作连词，连接的成分与谓语动词denounce平行，因此，supporting用法错误
C. say…语法上与denounce并列，中间应该有连词连接，可以改为saying，或者在say之前加and；
at the same time位置错误。
D. 句子结构不完整，没有主句；supporting…与前面的saying之间缺少连词。
E. 句子结构不完整，没有主句；supporting…在语法上与denouncing并列，缺少连词。
句子结构：A recent poll indicates that…; i.e., they denounce…, saying…, while supporting…
句子使用了分号，将长句分隔成了两个相对独立的分句，两分句不存在从属关系，属于同一层次的句
子。在后半句中，they denounce big government while at the same time supporting….为主结构，
saying现在分词作伴随状语
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) while + 现在分词表达时间状语的方式；
2) 功能相同的并列结构需要由连词连接。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 i.e. 的作用在于给出之前提到的事物的具体的解释、说明，在汉语中起到“也就是说”、“也就是”的
含义。
77. (28625-!-item-!-188;#058&004000)
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75
carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional
system of roads.
(A) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were
(B) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,
(C) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been
(D) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each
(E) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each had been
A: 划线的 were 作为谓语和划线部分之前的谓语 were 重复，应该去掉或者用连词 and 连接；
B: 正确，of up to 600 rooms each 作为插入语修饰 structures，connected 分词跳过插入语修饰前面
最邻近的名词 structures；
C: 将 with 改变成 of 后，介词的修饰对象发生改变；将插入语变成句子一部分后，each 同位语修饰
的对象也发生改变，变成了修饰最邻近的 rooms 而不是 structures，rooms 被马路连接不符合题目原
意和逻辑表达；each 同位语从句用过去完成时同样没有必要；
D: 按 D 答案给出的句意，with each 和 on a spectacular scale 平行，但 each connected by 改变了
原文的句意，原文没有表达出每一个都被连接的意义；
E: 如果 each 做代词指代主语应该在 each 前面加上连词 and，E 答案中 each 后面是完整句子但没
有连词进行连接；had been 过去完成时没有必要。
句子结构：Anasazi settlements were built… with ….structures (of …) connected by…
插入成分of up to 600 rooms each，each指代structure，表示每个structure有600个房间，connected
修饰对象也为structures.
正确的句子应该表达清楚以下三个意思:
1) The Anasazi settlement建筑规模很大，有75栋建筑
2) 每栋建筑有600个房间
3) 这些建筑由复杂的地域交通道路所连接
考点：句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 一个完整的句子之中只能有一个谓语动词，两个谓语动词之间必须有连词进行连接
2) 分词的邻近修饰原则和逗号+分词修饰原则的区分；一般来说分词需要挨着前面要被修饰的名词，
如果在分词前用了逗号隔开，那么分词的修饰对象可能会发生改变，即可能修饰整句、主语或者
临近的名词。此处用了一个插入语进行迷惑，让考生误以为是分词前面有逗号的情形，原文本应
该是：The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more
than 75 carefully engineered structures (of up to 600 rooms each) connected by a complex
regional system of roads.
3) 原文时态不应随便进行改变原则；给出的答案中如果时态没有理由的进行了改变，即改变了原句
要表达的时间关系，则错。
4) 原句句意不应随便进行改变原则；本题中 Each 的位置发生的改变显著的改变了原句要表达的
each 的含义，同时改变了原句句意，则错。
补充说明
此题属于难题，难点和出题点都在修饰关系上，考生无法回避这个考点，更不可能通过别的知识点解
题。对于这道题目，比较科学的解题思路是首先通过句子基本结构，即 sentence fragment 以及 run-on
sentence 两个比较容易判断的考点排除 AE 选项，再考虑 BCD 三个选项。其实我们通过分析也不难
发现，只有 B 在 1）structure 和 rooms 的关系，2）谁被 connected 两点上意思表达得最清楚，CD
选项的 each 指代都有问题，由此可以解得本题的答案。
（参考）重点还是从句子结构出发，我对本题的分析如下：
1、ACE 的句子结构都有问题：A 中的第二个 were 多余，前面已经有谓语 were built…；C 中 each
that…，each 是名词，后跟 that 引导的定语从句，该定语从句省去后只余下一个名词；E 有两套主谓
结构，settlement…were built on…… each had been connected，中间没有连词；
2、D 中的 and with 前面没有平行对象；
3、CDE 中的 of 短语没有合适的修饰对象；
4、正确答案 B 中的 of up to 600 rooms each 是插入语，修饰 structures，正常语序应该为：each of
the structures has up to 600 rooms。
参考遥远的绿洲对此题的看法:
解释：
A: 划线的 were 作为谓语和划线部分之前的谓语 were 重复，应该去掉或者用连词 and 连接；
B: 正确，of up to 600 rooms each 作为插入语修饰 structures，connected 分词跳过插入语修饰前面
最邻近的名词 structures；
C: 将 with 改变成 of 后，介词的修饰对象发生改变；原句 with 结构修饰 built,先 of 结构修饰得是 scale;
将插入语变成句子一部分后，each 同位语修饰的对象也发生改变，变成了修饰最邻近的 rooms 而不
是 structures，rooms 被马路连接不符合题目原意和逻辑表达；each 同位语从句用过去完成时同样没
有必要性；
D: 按 D 答案给出的句意，with each 和 on a spectacular scale 平行，但 each connected by 改变了
原文的句意，原文没有表达出每一个都被连接的意义；
E: 如果 each 做代词指代主语应该在 each 前面加上连词 and，E 答案中 each 后面是完整句子但没
有连词进行连接；had been 过去完成时没有必要性。
考点：
1) 一个完整的句子之中只能有一个谓语动词，两个谓语动词之间必须有连词进行连接
2) 分词的邻近修饰原则和逗号+分词修饰原则的区分；一般来说分词需要挨着前面要被修饰的名词，
如果在分词前用了逗号隔开，那么分词的修饰对象可能会发生改变，即可能修饰整句、主语或者
临近的名词。此处用了一个插入语进行迷惑，让考生误以为是分词前面有逗号的情形，原文本应
该是：The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more
than 75 carefully engineered structures (of up to 600 rooms each) connected by a complex
regional system of roads.
3) 原文时态不应随便进行改变原则；给出的答案中如果时态没有理由的进行了改变，即改变了原句
要表达的时间关系，则错。
原句句意不应随便进行改变原则；本题中 Each 的位置发生的改变显著的改变了原句要表达的 each
的含义，同时改变了原句句意，则错。
78. (28671-!-item-!-188;#058&004007)
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the
Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a
brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.
(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles
(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling
(C) found in the Philippines and resembling
(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
(E) that is found in the Philippines, resembling
A. And that没有平行对象
B. 划线部分使得resembling a hummingbird成为插入语，that连接has shimmering metallic colors，
这样以来，分号前的分句句子结构不完整，缺少谓语。
C. 正确。
D. that is多余，and it resembles部分it多余
E. that is多余
句子结构：First discovered…, Lina’s sunbird, … animal found… and resembling…, has
shimmering…; （句子使用了分号，将长句分隔成了两个相对独立的分句，两分句不存在从属关系，
属于同一层次的句子。）
First discovered谓语句首，过去分词修饰有被动的含义，discovered的逻辑宾语即句子的主语Lina’s
sunbird. 包括划线部分在内的逗号之间的成分为主语Lina’s sunbird的同位语，found… and
resembling…, 过去分词与现在分词两个分词结构平行。
平行对称（Parallelism）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 划线部分为同位语的修饰成分，过去分词与现在分词分词结构可以平行。过去分词表示被动；现
在分词表一直延续的特性。（相似的过去分词与现在分词平行的用法，读者可以参考OG10-210
题。）
2) 定语从句结构出现 that/who/which be，而去掉后对句子结构不产生任何影响时，应该去掉
that/who/which be，以保持句子的简洁性。
79. (28717-!-item-!-188;#058&004013)
Unlike battery-powered electric cars, automakers say that cars with fuel cells, which supply them
with electricity, can provide driving range and performance similar to the internal combustion
engine.
(A) Unlike battery-powered electric cars, automakers say that cars with fuel cells, which supply
them with electricity, can provide driving range and performance similar to
(B) Unlike battery-powered electric cars, automakers say that cars with electricity supplied by fuel
cells can exhibit driving range and performance similar to those provided by
(C) Unlike battery-powered electric cars, fuel cells that supply cars with electricity can provide
driving range and performance that automakers say is similar to
(D) Automakers say that unlike battery-powered electric cars, fuel cells that supply cars with
electricity can provide driving range and performance similar to
(E) Automakers say that unlike battery-powered electric cars, cars with electricity supplied by fuel
cells can exhibit driving range and performance similar to those provided by
A. cars和automakers比较，range and performance与internal combustion engine比较，比较对象
均不对等
B. cars和automakers比较，比较对象不对等
C. cars和fuel cells比较，range and performance与internal combustion engine比较，比较对象均不
对等
D. cars和fuel cells比较，range and performance与internal combustion engine比较，比较对象均不
对等
E. 正确。
句子结构：Automakers say that unlike… cars, cars with… can exhibit… 比较结构。
比较（Comparison）
1) 此句中有两个比较成分，分别由unlike和similar to提示，比较结构要求比较对象对等
80. (28763-!-item-!-188;#058&004022)
Although at one time children's programming had been limited to a few hours a week, now,
however, there are at least four cable networks that dedicate themselves entirely to shows
produced specifically for children.
(A) Although at one time children's programming had been limited to a few hours a week, now,
however, there are at least four cable networks that dedicate themselves
(B) With children's programming having been limited at one time to a few hours a week, now at
least four cable networks have dedicated themselves
(C) Once limited to a few hours a week, there are now at least four cable networks with children's
programming that dedicate themselves
(D) Children's programming was once limited to a few hours a week, but now there are at least four
cable networks dedicated
(E) While children's programming had once been limited to a few hours a week, at least four cable
networks are now dedicated
A. although与however重复，使两个分句都成为从句，缺少主句；过去完成时态使用错误。
B. with位于句首，表示主语“拥有”with后面的部分，该选项使用with结构不正确，同时with doing结
构笨拙。
C. once limited to a few hours a week没有修饰对象，过去分词表被动位于句首，逻辑宾语即为句
子主语，因此，一般不适用there be句型
D. 正确。
E. 句子只有两个时态：过去完成时（表示过去的过去）以及现在时（表现在），那么在时间轴上，
这两个时态之间就存在过去的时间点这一断层，即过去完成时使用错误
句子结构：Children’s programming was once limited…, but now there are….
But作连词连接前后两句，前后两句句子意思上形成明确的对比。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 动词形式（Verb Form）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) although/though与however, but等连词不能同时出现，否则句子只有从句，缺少主句。
2) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义。
3) 现在分词位于句首，逻辑主语要求就是句子主语；相应的，过去分词表示被动位于句首，其逻辑
宾语也要求时句子主语。这样构造的句子要求逻辑含义合理通顺
