说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
81. (28809-!-item-!-188;#058&004029)
Both the caribou and the reindeer belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000 years of
domestication in Eurasia, reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight groups, while
caribou tend to spread far and wide.
(A) belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000 years of domestication in Eurasia,
reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight groups, while caribou tend
(B) belong to the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but about 7,000 years of domestication in
Eurasia have developed reindeer's tendency to circle in tight groups, which is different from caribou
that tend
(C) belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but being domesticated in Eurasia for about 7,000
years has developed reindeer's tendency to circle in tight groups, and that is different from caribou
tending
(D) are the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but about 7,000 years of domestication in Eurasia
have developed reindeer's tendency to circle in tight groups, while the tendency is for caribou
(E) are the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but being domesticated in Eurasia for about 7,000
years has developed the reindeer's tendency to circle in tight groups, which differs from caribou
tending
A. 正确。
B. Different提示的比较结构中，将reindeer’s tendency于caribou相比，比较对象不对等
C. Being domesticated has developed… 表达方式笨拙
D. caribou和reindeer是两种不同的驯鹿，因此，它们可以属于同一种范围更大的物种，但是说它们
“是”、等价于这种范围更大的物种，则不恰当，应该使用belong to the same species，或者are of
the same species；but之后的句子，主语是7,000 years of domestication，要求使用单数谓语has
E. 两种不同的驯鹿 are of the same species，而不是 are the same species；being domesticated
has developed… 表达方式笨拙；tending现在分词修饰caribou，以differ from提示的比较结构将
reindeer’s tendency与caribou对比，比较对象不对等
句子结构：Both the caribou and the reindeer belong to…, but after…, reindeer have developed …,
while caribou tend to…
两种驯鹿本属于同一物种，但在其被驯化了7000年之后，一种出现了一个特性，而另一种出现了两
外一个特性。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 主系表结构sth be sth连接的主语和表语是相等的，使用时要注意原文所表达的逻辑关系是否合
理。
2) be different from, differ from，与…不同，也为比较结构，要求比较对象对等。
82. (28855-!-item-!-188;#058&004055)
In a blow to those who still harbored the illusion that E-mail exchanges are private, a watchdog
group recently uncovered a trick for enabling an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this
person will be privy to any comments that a recipient had added as the message is forwarded to
others or sent back and forth.
(A) who still harbored the illusion that E-mail exchanges are private, a watchdog group recently
uncovered a trick for enabling an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this person will be privy
to any comments that a recipient had added
(B) who had still been harboring the illusion that E-mail exchanges are private, a watchdog group
recently uncovered a trick for enabling an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this person
was privy to any comments that a recipient might have added
(C) who still were harboring the illusion that E-mail exchanges are private, a watchdog group
recently uncovered a trick enabling an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this person is
privy to any comments that a recipient would add
(D) still harboring the illusion that E-mail exchanges are private, a watchdog group recently
uncovered a trick that enables an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this person will be
privy to any comments that a recipient might add
(E) still harboring the illusion that E-mail exchanges had been private, a watchdog group recently
uncovered a trick that will enable an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that this person was
privy to any comments that a recipient might add
A. for enabling两种解释都存在问题：如果理解成 a trick for doing something，则习语使用错误，
若理解成 the group uncovered … for enabling表目的，则应该优先使用不定式，所以，for doing
在这里是不正确的用法；
B. for enabling的错误见A选项解释；who had still been过去完成时使用错误：过去完成时用于表达
已经完成了的动作，但是此处又使用了still，表示现在仍然，出现语义上的矛盾。
C. who still were应该被省去；so that从句应该用将来时will be privy to
D. 正确，harboring…是现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。
E. Had been private使用过去完成时态不正确；a trick that enables表明这个伎俩现在已经生效，是
对这个伎俩功能的一般描述；而will enable，“将会”使得，则表明这个伎俩现在还没有造成威胁
句子结构：… a watchdog group recently uncovered a trick that…为句子主结构。
that引导的定语从句修饰trick，还原后完整的定语从句为：A trick (that指代) enables an interloper to
rig an E-mail message so that this person (指interloper) will be privy to any comments that…. 由于
句子涉及多种身份的人，原句采用this person指代离其最近的interloper，避免产生歧义。
习惯用语（Idiom）, 动词形式（Verb Form）, 有效用词（Diction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) trick的固定习语搭配为 a trick of doing something, 因此，for doing不是trick的正确搭配
2) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义
3) as表示“当…的时候”时，其语义与when有细微差别。When表示其连接的从句中谓语动作发生的
那一具体的时间点，只是指那一会，或者说when描述的时间一般比较短；而as引起时间状语从句，
谓语一般为有延续性的动作，通常描述一段比较长的时间，最简单的例子，如：as time goes by.
4) 定语从句结构出现 that/who/which be，而去掉后对句子结构不产生任何影响时，应该去掉
that/who/which be，以保持句子的简洁性
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 As引起时间状语从句，表达有延续性的动作，时间段较长，可以参考OG10-1题对E选项的解释
AWA测试 blow表示重击，blow to为固定词组
SC-OG：1-20 harbor的解释为：to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time, or to contain
something, especially something hidden and dangerous
SC-OG：1-20题 此题难度较大，大量生词增加了阅读句子，正确判断句子的难度
83. (28949-!-item-!-188;#058&004110)
The number of plant and animal species that humans are known to have forced to extinction in the
last half millennium is over 800.
(A) humans are known to have forced to extinction
(B) humans are known as having forced to become extinct
(C) humans are known for forcing to become extinct
(D) are known that humans forced to become extinct
(E) are known as having been forced to extinction by humans
A. 正确，完成时态突出了“已经”灭绝的含义。
B. Be known as用于此处语义不正确
C. Be known for用于此处语义不正确
D. That are known that… 表达笨拙
E. Be known as用于此处语义不正确；having been forced表达笨拙
句子结构：The number of… is over 800. 为句子主结构。
划线部分为句子限定性定语从句，修饰species，表示人们知道的已经绝种的动物和植物的数量为800
种。在定语从句中，that指代plant and animal species，做从句have forced的宾语，而不是从句主语。
从句还原之后正常语序形式为：humans are known to have force that (指代plant and animal species)
to extinction….
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 习惯用语（Idiom）
1) that指代species在定语从句中作known的宾语
2) be known to do something为正确的习语，Be known as…作为…而著名，know for…表示以…而
著名，或而被别人认知。
84. (28995-!-item-!-188;#058&004115)
Critics of the research study claimed that monkeys are different enough from human beings that
comparing the two species can be as questionable--or as useless--as comparisons between
humans and mice.
(A) different enough from human beings that comparing the two species can
(B) different enough from human beings so that comparing the two species can
(C) different enough from human beings for comparing the two species to
(D) so different from human beings that comparisons between the two species can
(E) so different from human beings for comparisons between the two species to
A. enough…that搭配错误；comparing the two species 和 comparisons between… and…不平行。
B. enough…so that搭配错误；comparing the two species 和 comparisons between… and…不平
行。
C. enough…for doing搭配错误；comparing the two species 和 comparisons between… and…不
平行。
D. 正确，由于未划线部分使用了as questionable as comparisons between human and mice，相应
的，as… as之前的比较对象也应该为comparisons between … and …。
E. So… for搭配错误。
句子结构：主结构为Critics of… claimed that….
That引导的宾语从句采用了so… that…句型，而that引导的从句使用了as…as的比较结构
有效用词（Diction）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 表达某事物如此…, 因而… 应采用so… that…句型
2) that引导的从句使用了as…as的比较结构，比较结构要求比较对象概念对等、结构对称。
85. (29041-!-item-!-188;#058&004148)
Now that so much data travels via light--i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical
current--one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and
receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead to smaller, faster
semiconductors.
(A) to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that
may one day lead
(B) to develop a silicon chip with the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly,
which may one day lead
(C) the development of a silicon chip that has the capability of transmitting and receiving light
signals directly, a development maybe one day leading
(D) developing a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, which may one day
lead
(E) developing a silicon chip with the ability to transmit and receive light signals directly, with this
development maybe one day leading
A. 正确，one goal与to develop逻辑含义对等，to develop强调动作性，符合句意；that can do
something and do something，表达直接有效；a development同位语概括前句描述的内容，是
GMAT常用常考结构
B. With the capability of doing something不如can do something直接、简洁；which没有指代对象
C. One goal要求与to develop含义对等；has the capability of罗嗦；maybe属于口语化的用词
D. One goal要求与to develop含义对等；which没有指代对象
E. One goal要求与to develop含义对等；with the ability to do罗嗦；with this development结构笨拙。
句子结构：now that是now作连词的一种固定搭配的结构，也可以直接写成now，表示原因。Now that…
表明原因交代背景，one goal is to develop…作主句，a development作同位语，概括前句所提到的
内容，并利用从句 a development that…., 进一步拓展句子内涵。该同位语结构为GMAT常见结构。
平行对称（Parallelism）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 从句子逻辑含义上来讲，目标，one goal，与不定式to develop，表示将来动作的发展，搭配最为
合适，逻辑含义最为对等
2) with/has the capability of doing something, with the ability to do something虽然为语法正确的结
构，但是罗嗦，不如直接使用can do something简洁
3) which要有具体指代的对象，不能笼统的指代前句描述的事情
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 Now可以作连词，表示原因，也写成now that。朗文给出的解释为：because of something or as
a result of something
Now that we know each other a little better, we get along fine.
I'm going to relax now the school year is over.
Now that I think of it, I acted the same way when I was his age.
AWA测试 i.e. 的作用在于给出之前提到的事物的具体的解释、说明，在汉语中起到“也就是说”、“也就是”的
含义
86. (29087-!-item-!-188;#058&004182)
Just as the free computer operating system Linux has of late become even more crash resistant, so
support for it within the computer industry has been growing.
(A) as the free computer operating system Linux has of late become even more crash resistant, so
(B) as with the free computer operating system Linux that has of late become even more crash
resistant, so the
(C) as the free computer operating system Linux has of late become even more crash resistant, so
it has been that
(D) like with the free computer operating system Linux becoming even more crash resistant of late,
so
(E) like the free computer operating system Linux that has of late become even more crash
resistant, so it is that
A. 正确。
B. Just as连接的部分不构成完整的句子
C. It has been that不表达任何实意，也起不到语法作用，应该删去
D. Just like…, so….为错误的句型
E. Just like…, so….为错误的句型
句子结构：Just as…, so….是固定的句式结构，前后部分连接的都是句子
比较（Comaparison）
1) 本题考点也比较单一，考生只需要掌握了Just as…, so….句型即可解题。该句型，以及前面出现
过的so that句型，都属于基本句型结构。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 of late即为recently、lately。
87. (29133-!-item-!-188;#058&004212)
Exceeding even the figures predicted by the most optimistic financial analysts, the automobile
company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled the previous quarter.
(A) company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled
(B) company earned more than double in the first quarter what they were in
(C) company had first quarter earnings that more than doubled those in
(D) company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double
(E) company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double those of
A. 句子主语应该为company’s earnings，只有盈利超过预期值，才是合理的搭配。因此，句子主语
只能是公司的盈利，而不能是汽车公司
B. 句子主语应该为company’s earnings
C. 句子主语应该为company’s earnings
D. 本季度盈利与上季度盈利相比，more than double the earnings of the previous quarter，the
earnings不应该省略，以保证比较的清晰和准确
E. 正确，those指代earnings。
句子结构：Exceeding…, the… earnings … were…
逗号后面部分为句子主结构。Exceeding修饰句子主语，要求其逻辑主语与句子主语相一致。主结构
为比较句，将汽车公司今年一季度的盈利与前一季度的盈利相比较。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 现在分词短语位于句首作状语时，其逻辑主语要求是句子主语。
2) 比较句要求比较对象对等。
补充说明
以“地球比月球大六倍”这个句子为例，下面简单讲一下表示倍数的句型结构。
SC-GWD测试 倍数的表示一般情况下为：数字＋times，如六倍即为：6 times。比较特殊的是两倍，为twice
AWA测试 要表示地球比月球大六倍，我们一般可以有下面三种最基本的表示方法：
a) 主谓＋倍数＋as 形容词原形 as＋宾语：The earth is six times as large as the moon.
b) 主谓＋倍数＋形容词比较级 than＋宾语：The earth is 6 times larger than the moon.
c) 主谓＋倍数＋形容词对应的表示量的名词 of＋宾语：The earth is 6 times the size of the
moon.
其中，形容词与其对应的表示量的名词，包括large/big – size, long – length, wide – width等等.
SC-OG：1-20 与上面三种写法相对应，如果我们要表示，地球的大小比月球的六倍还大，只要在句子中加入more
than即可，则可以写为：
a) The earth is more than 6 times as large as the moon.
b) The earth is more than 6 times larger than the moon.
c) The earth is more than 6 times the size of the moon.
SC-OG：1-20题 另外有一系列表示倍数的词：double, triple, quadruple等，这类词本身可以做形容词，表示倍数。
如：The city was enclosed by walls of double thickness. 有如本题：The earnings in this quarter
are (more than) double the earnings in the previous quarter. 同时，这类词也可以作为动词。以
double为例，常见的基本句型包括：
a) double in size/number/value etc
Within two years the company had doubled in size.
The church has doubled its membership in the last five years.
b) double the size/number/amount etc (of something)
A promise was given to double the number of police on duty.
SC-OG：21-40题 第三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为 two
times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，
如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。
88. (29179-!-item-!-188;#058&004217)
Because Miranda, the smallest moon of Uranus, has a large number of different surface features,
including craters, mountains, valleys, and fractures, some astronomers suggest that at one time
repeated impacts broke the surface apart, and after which the fragments were subsequently
rejoined because of mutual gravitational attraction.
(A) repeated impacts broke the surface apart, and after which the fragments were subsequently
rejoined because of
(B) repeated impacts on the surface broke it apart, after which the fragments having rejoined with
(C) through repeated impacts that the surface broke apart, after which the fragments subsequently
rejoined by
(D) the surface broke apart with repeated impacts, after which the fragments having rejoined
through
(E) the surface broke apart as a result of repeated impacts, after which the fragments rejoined
through
A. and作连词已经可以连接句子，and连接的两个句子属于同一层次；又出现after which再次扮演连
词的成分，连接的句子属于从句，与主句构成主从关系。因此，该选项句子结构混乱；after和
subsequently语义重复
B. after which连接的从句句子成分不完整
C. suggest that连接的从句句子成分不完整；after和subsequently语义重复
D. after which连接的从句句子成分不完整；with不能表达因果的含义
E. 正确。
句子结构：Because…, some astronomers suggest that….为句子主结构。
Suggest that的宾语从句内部，作者想要表达两个意思：首先，在重复的作用力下M卫星的表面被分
开，然后，在相互的重力吸引作用下，这些散开的部分又重新合在了一块。这两个事件是有时间先后
顺序的。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) suggest that…后面接的是宾语从句，after which后面接的是第二级的定语从句。既然是从句，就
要求that和which后面的部分句子成分要完整
2) after和subsequently都表示“在…之后”，两者同时出现语义重复
89. (29225-!-item-!-188;#058&004220)
Complex human traits such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by thousands, if
not tens of thousands, of the 80,000 or so genes in the human genome.
(A) such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of
thousands, of the 80,000 or so
(B) such as artistic talent or social skill are likely shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of
80,000 or so of the
(C) such as artistic talent or social skill is likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands,
of 80,000 or so of the
(D) like artistic talent or social skill is likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of
the 80,000 or so
(E) like artistic talent or social skill are likely shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of the
80,000 or so
A. 正确，the 80,000 genes in the human genome表示，人的染色体上有80,000个基因；如果写为
80,000 of the genes in the human genome表达的意思则有不同，为人类染色体上的80,000个基
因，这80,000个基因只是染色体上所有基因的一部分，就句子含义的合理性而言，前者更合理。
此外，thousands of the 80,000 genes相比thousands of 80,000 of the genes要更通顺。
B. are likely shaped by…习语使用错误，应该为are likely to be shaped by…；of 80,000 or so of the
genes表达笨拙，且改变了句子原意
C. 主语traits为复数，要求谓语使用are；of 80,000 or so of the genes表达笨拙，且改变了句子原意
D. Like不能用于举例；主语traits为复数，要求谓语使用are
E. Like不能用于举例；are likely shaped by…习语使用错误，应该为are likely to be shaped by…
句子结构：Complex human traits… are likely to be shaped by thousands, …, of genes…
Such as…用于对human traits进行举例，if not tens of thousands为插入成分，前后分别被逗号与主
句隔开，不影响句子的语法结构。
主谓一致（Agreement）, 习惯用语（idiom）, 有效用词（Diction）
1) 句子主语是complex human traits，为复数，因此要求句子的谓语也为复数
2) be likely to do something为正确的习语
3) 举例只能使用such as，不能使用like
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 or so表示对数字的不精确估计，考虑句子结构时也可直接忽略该词。例句：
We have to leave in five minutes or so.
I stopped reading after thirty or so pages.
90. (29271-!-item-!-188;#058&004232)
Diesel engines burn as much as 30 percent less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as
well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases that have been
implicated in global warming.
(A) of comparable size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other
gases that have
(B) of comparable size, as well as emit far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases
having
(C) of comparable size, and also they emit far fewer carbon dioxide and other gases that have
(D) that have a comparable size, and also they emit far less carbon dioxide gas and other gases
that have
(E) that have a comparable size, as well as emitting far fewer carbon dioxide and other gases
having
A. 正确，二氧化碳气体是不可数名词，因此对应使用 far less carbon dioxide gas，表示二氧化碳排
放“量”的少；the other gases 本身使用了复数形式 gases，表示其他气体的种类，因此对应使用
修饰可数名词的 fewer，fewer of the other gases 表示其他气体排放“种类”的少。
B. as well as emit 习语使用错误，应为 emitting；having implicated 为错误的结构，应改写为 that
have implicated
C. fewer 不能同时修饰 carbon dioxide and other gases
D. less 不能同时修饰 carbon dioxide and other gases
E. fewer 不能同时修饰 carbon dioxide and other gases；having implicated 为错误的结构，应改写
为 that have implicated
句子结构：Diesel engines burn… as well as emitting… 本句逗号前为主结构。
本句使用了这样一种基本句型：A did one thing, as well as doing another thing. 这种句型属于 as well
as 的一种使用方法，朗文给出的例句为：The organization gives help and support to people in need,
as well as raising money for local charities.
习惯用语（Idiom）, 有效用词（Diction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) as well as doing something 位于逗号后，对主句的谓语动作做出补充，为正确的习语结构
2) few 修饰可数名词，little 修饰不可数名词，当可数与不可数名词并列出现时，必须分别修饰，无
法共用同一个形容词。
3) 完成时态的现在分词结构，如 having implicated，是错误的用法。遇到这种结构后置修饰前面的
名词时，应该改成对应的定语从句形式：that have/has implicated
91. (29317-!-item-!-188;#058&004234)
The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based
telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force a rethinking of the role
of comets in the delivery of organic compounds to the evolving Earth.
(A) The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based
telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force
(B) The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- as well as
space-based telescopes, provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing
(C) When a comet's spectacular disintegration occurred in full view of ground- and space-based
telescopes last year, it provided new insights into how comets form and thus may possibly force
(D) Last year, in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes, a comet's spectacular
disintegration provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing
(E) Last year, in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes, the spectacular
disintegration of a comet has provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force
A. 正确。
B. 逗号将句子主谓隔开，错误；possibly forcing和provided不平行
C. When＋瞬间动词occurred表示事件发生的那一具体的时点，也就是说，C选项表示，当
disintegration发生的瞬间，它提供了新的insight并引发了重新思考；其他时候，disintegration就
起不到引发思考的作用。因此，这个选项在逻辑含义上不好。A表达的意思是disintegration这件
事提供了新的内涵，并且引发了新的思考，显然是更通顺、更符合逻辑的选项；may和possibly
语义重复
D. possibly forcing和provided不平行。In full view位于句子的主谓前面，修饰整个句子。具体来说，
在这个选项里就是修饰谓语动词provided and may thus possibly forcing。这样完全改变了原句
的意思，逻辑含义也不合理：disintegration在望远镜全景里提供了新的内涵、引发了新的思考。
E. in full view修饰对象错误，同D选项。
句子结构：The spectacular disintegration … provided… and may thus force…
Disintegration作为全句的主语，provided和force是谓语。And在句子当中起连接两个谓语的作用，同
时也表达了因果的关系，thus进一步强化了前后两个动词的因果联系。last year in full view of… 作为
修饰成分，修饰主语disintegration。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1. 句子的主谓应该紧密的联系在一起。除了有插入语的情况，一般情况下，主谓之间不宜用标点符
号隔开。
2. And连接的两个谓语动词需要平行对称。前面是实义动词，后面不能用分词和前面的动词平行
3. 修饰成分的位置发生改变可能引起修饰成分的性质发生改变、被修饰对象改变、以及句子含义发
生改变。当遇到修饰成分位置发生变化的选项时，一定要仔细判断修饰与被修饰关系是否存在变
化，这种变化在逻辑含义上是否合理。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 And连接两个动词，可以表示因果联系。读者可以参考OG10-4题对E选项的分析。
AWA测试 前后两个破折号同时出现，表示破折号内的部分为插入成分，是对意思的进一步说明，不会对句
子大结构产生影响。这个句子中的ground- and space-based telescopes，可以简单的理解成为
ground based telescopes and space based telescopes。在考场解题过程中，看到有两个破折号
成对出现的情况，可以直接跳过破折号内的内容，不会影响解题。
92. (29363-!-item-!-188;#058&004260)
Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be picked
when they are fully ripe, and they remain at peak flavor for only four or five days after that.
(A) Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be
picked
(B) Picking strawberries, unlike with green bananas that can be ripened artificially, must be done
(C) Unlike bananas, which can be picked green and ripened artificially, strawberries must be picked
(D) Unlike with green bananas, which can be picked and ripened artificially, strawberry picking must
be done
(E) Unlike picking bananas, strawberries cannot be picked green and ripened artificially, but must
be picked
A. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等，strawberries与picking。
B. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等；picking strawberries must be done和strawberries must be picked
相比，较为笨拙。
C. 正确。
D. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等；strawberry picking must be done笨拙
E. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等。
句子结构：…, strawberries must be picked…, and they remain…. Unlike bananas修饰strawberries.
比较（Comparison）
Unlike引起的比较，比较对象一定要逻辑含义对等。
93. (29409-!-item-!-188;#058&004276)
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that, different from men who took new jobs after
retiring from their primary careers, women who did so were more likely than those who retired
completely to report high marital satisfaction.
(A) different from
(B) unlike with
(C) unlike
(D) unlike the results for
(E) compared to the results for
A. Different from和unlike两者相比较，unlike提示比较更直接，也更简洁
B. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等，with…与women
C. 正确。
D. Unlike连接的比较对象不对等：只能将女人和男人比较，不能将女人和结果比较
E. Compared to同样可以提示比较，但是同D，此处的比较对象不对等
句子结构：A study… found that, … women who… were…
a study found that….为第一层主结构，that后面的部分为found的宾语从句。在改宾语从句中，women
were more likely to do…为主谓；unlike men提示比较，修饰women.
比较（Comparison）
1) 比较句中，比较对象一定要逻辑含义对等，形式要简洁。
补充说明
此题比较明显可以排除BDE，需要在AC当中选择。Different from可以表示与…不同，但是GMAT OG
当中没有出现过用different from提示的比较结构，而大量出现unlike和compared with/to提示的比较。
所以在遇到这种没有绝对错误的两个选项同时存在时，可以回忆OG当中的惯用词、词组，比如说此
题中unlike比different from惯用；另外也可以适用简洁原则：unlike只用了一个词，简单清晰的表示出
了很强意味的比较。因而相比A，C是更好的选项。
94. (29455-!-item-!-188;#058&004298)
Even though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings she
made were disappointing artistically as well as technically, Olive Fremstad (1871-1951) has never
been entirely forgotten by opera aficionados.
(A) though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings she made
were
(B) though her career was cut short while in her prime, with the fifteen recordings she made
(C) as her career had been cut short when she was in her prime, with the fifteen recordings she had
made
(D) with her career having been cut short when she was in her prime, and the fifteen recordings she
made were
(E) with her career cut short while in her prime, and that the fifteen recordings she made were
A. 正确，详见“句子结构”部分的分析，该选项句子层次感鲜明，连词适用恰当。
B. While in her prime是主谓省略的形式，while前出现的句子主语是her career，还原到该句中为
while her career was in her prime，逻辑含义不合理，应该是Olive Fremstad本人两个in her
prime。with结构破乱了句子原来第二层的内部平行关系，使得with引导的部分单独出来，成为第
一层中修饰主句Olive has never been forgotten的谓语。这样首先使句子意思完全被改变，其次
使句子逻辑含义很牵强：随着她的15部作品在艺术和技巧双方面的失败，Olive从来没有被人们
完全忘记。而句子原来的意思则是：虽然她的15部作品在艺术和技巧双方面的失败，Olive从来
没有被人们完全忘记，显然后者更合适。
C. 过去完成时had been cut short使用不正确，was cut short与was in her prime逻辑上是同一个时
间点，时态应该一致；with引起的错误同B
D. 如果使用even with开头，则句子应该为even with A and B, Olive has never been forgotten或者
even with A, and with B, Olive has never been forgotten，且A/B应该为结构和逻辑含义两个层
面上均平行对等的词/词组，这样，才满足句子“层次间关系清晰，层次内平行对称”的要求。D选
项中and the 15 recordings部分是个完整独立的句子，因为是个句子，所以无法和前面的even
with her career建立平行关系，又无法直接与主句部分建立从句关系，破坏了整个句子的结构。
E. 用词虽然不同，但是错误的原因及分析方法同D。
句子结构：Olive Fremstad has never been forgotten为句子主句，为第一层次；even though引导表
转折的从句属于第二层次，这个从句内部包含了并列的两套主谓关系：her career was cut short and
the 15 recordings were disappointing。When she was in her prime作为时间状语从句（第三层次）
修饰 was cut short，she made作为定语从句（同属第三层次）修饰fifteen recordings.
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 句子层次感是否清晰，是判断一个句子是否是好句子的重要标准，连词是提示句子层次的最重要
的指标。
2) 当出现前后两句话主谓一致的情况下，后一句可以省略主谓。但在出现主谓省略的句子时，一定
要注意判断被省略的部分还原到句子中之后，其逻辑含义是否合理
3) 过去完成时表示的是过去的过去，需要有明确的时间提示，表明该动作是在过去的某个时点或者
过去的某个动作之前完成的
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 while in her prime的逻辑主语问题，可以参考OG10-1对A选项的解释
AWA测试 此处笔者着力分析的句子层次问题，希望读者可以重点体会。
95. (29501-!-item-!-188;#058&004299)
Officials in Atlanta's public schools, as do many districts across the United States, have eliminated
recess in the elementary grades, calling it a waste of time that would be better spent on academics.
(A) as do
(B) as with
(C) similar to
(D) like those in
(E) as they have in
A. 主句谓语是have eliminated，as部分的助动词do使用错误，时态不一致，应使用助动词have；
as引起的部分主语是districts，即表示“地区”也主动取消了假期，而不是这些地区的“官员”取消了
学生的休假，逻辑含义不合理。
B. As作连词，需接句子。
C. officials与districts比较，比较对象不对等
D. 正确，those指代officials，将officials in Atlanta’s public schools和officials in many districts across
the US比较，比较清晰合理
E. 用it/they指代句子前面出现过的事物时，精确指代前文出现的该特定事物，该事物的修饰成分、
特性均被继承在it/they当中。如此题中，They指代officials，且仅指亚特兰大公立学校的官员，
句子意思被改变为：亚特兰大公立学校的官员取消了小学的假期，就像他们（这些亚特兰大公立
学校的官员）在美国很多地区做的那样。这个句子逻辑含义不合理：亚特兰大的官员只能管理亚
特兰大内部事务，不可能取消美国很多地区的学校假期。
句子结构：Officials… have eliminated…, calling…
Like those in…为插入成分修饰officials
比较（Comparison）, 有效用词（Diction）、指代一致（Agreement）
1) 比较句中，比较对象一定要逻辑含义对等、形式要简洁
2) 在表示“相似”的含义时，like是介词，后面接名词或名词性词组，修饰主语；as是连词，后面接句
子，作方式状语修饰谓语。在这个基本语法点正确的前提下，as和like都可以使用。但是要注意判
断使用不同的修饰方法，是否会造成逻辑含义不正确的问题。
3) Those/they的区别。用it/they指代句子前面出现过的事物时，精确指代前文出现的该特定事物，
该事物的修饰成分、特性均被继承在it/they当中。具体分析见E选项
补充说明
It/that, they/those, 使用不同的代词，句子含义会发生很大的变化，往往造成选项逻辑含义是否合理
的区别，所以it/that以及they/those的指代区别是GMAT常考的一个考点。考生需要仔细体会这类型的
题目，把握其区别。Those/they, that/it 的区别可以参考OG10-199题对A/B选项的解释, 以及本书
P2-96题
96. (29547-!-item-!-188;#058&004302)
There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels: more
than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now than it was in 1990.
(A) generated through wind power now than it was
(B) generated through wind power now as it was
(C) generated through wind power now as was the case
(D) now generated through wind power as it was
(E) now generated through wind power than was the case
A. As … than搭配错误。
B. It精确指代“现在通过风能产生的电力”，这个电力不可能再出现在1990年，故用it造成了该选项逻
辑含义不合理。
C. 正确，the case表示“状况”，是个概括性的词汇，具有相当的灵活性，在此句中表示的就是利用
风能产生的发电量。
D. It的指代错误，原因同B选项。
E. As … than搭配错误。
句子结构：There are hopeful signs that…
本句使用了冒号(:)的一个用法，它可以用来连接两个不同的句子，后面一个句子作为前一个句子的解
释说明，不会构成run-on sentence的问题。
习惯用语（Idiom）, 比较（Comparison）
1) As … as一定成对出现。
2) 用it/they指代句子前面出现过的事物时，精确指代前文出现的该特定事物，该事物的修饰成分、
特性均被继承在it/they当中。详细分析见B选项。
3) as be the case比较结构，case表示situation、状况，是个概括性的词汇，具有相当的灵活性，而
“状况”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的解释。正是由于case一词的这种灵活性，所以经常被用
于比较句中。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 Those/they, that/it 的区别可以参考OG10-199题对A/B选项的解释, 以及本书P2-95题
AWA测试 The case用于比较句的题目，可以参考本书P2-39题
97. (29593-!-item-!-188;#058&004309)
The arrest of a programmer accused of violating an American digital copyright law has stirred
significant opposition, against both the law itself and against the software company that had
initiated the case.
(A) against both the law itself and against the software company that had
(B) against both the law itself and also the software company having
(C) against both the law itself and the software company that
(D) both against the law itself and the software company that had
(E) both against the law itself and also against the software company having
A. both…and… 词组连接两部分结构不对称。
B. Both… and also是错误的搭配，正确搭配只能是both…and
C. 正确。
D. both…and… 词组连接两部分结构不对称。
E. Both… and also是错误的搭配，正确搭配只能是both…and
句子结构：The arrest… has stirred opposition…
Accused of修饰a programmer，可理解为省略了who is的定语从句；against… 部分修饰opposition.
习惯用语（Idiom）, 平行对称（Parrallelism）、动词形式（Verb Form）
1) Both x and y 结构中，x/y要求是结构平行、含义对称；当介词与both…and词组混用时，如此题
的against，可以有两种合理的表达：against both a and b 或者 both against a and against b
2) 过去完成时表示的是过去的过去，需要有明确的时间提示，表明该动作是在过去的某个时点或者
过去的某个动作之前完成的。在该题中，has stirred为过去的动作，如果作者意在强调软件公司
initiate这个动作在has stirred之前完成，则过去完成时had initiated是合理的用法；若作者没有强
调动作时间先后的意图，只是纯粹的表示一个过去的动作，则一般过去时initiated亦合理。The
company that initiated一般过去时和that had initiated过去完成时在该题中均有可能是正确的表
达，不能轻易根据时态判断选项是否正确，需要通过别的语法点来辅助判断。
补充说明
本题虽然在对the software company that had initiated和that initiated上做了文章，但是通过以上分析
不难看出，通过习语一个考点就可以选出正确选项。这里需要提醒读者的是：过去完成时是GMAT语
法中难度比较高的一个语法点，在没有十足把握时，一般不要通过判断过去完成时是否合理来排除选
项。一定要综合考虑其他语法点，才能做出正确判断。
98. (29639-!-item-!-188;#058&004327)
Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda Harper
created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled women
in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain financial
independence.
(A) Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business
model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
(B) Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business
model that enabled ownership by women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of
(C) Martha Matilda Harper's creation of America's first retail franchise network was a radical new
business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
(D) America's first retail franchise network was created by Martha Matilda Harper, a radical new
business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
(E) America's first retail franchise network was created by Martha Matilda Harper, a radical new
business model that enabled ownership by women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries of
A. 正确，逻辑主语为Martha，和句子主语一致，合理；同位语的that从句内部，enable somebody to
do x and (to) do y是正确的习语，且to own and (to) gain平行对称。
B. That定语从句内enabled ownership by women表达笨拙；enabled＋名词无法和句子未划线部分
的不定式 and（to）gain financial independence并列。
C. Born and sent的逻辑主语只能是Martha本人，而不能是“创造”这一抽象名词；以creation做主语，
使句子逻辑意思不合理。
D. Network做主语，句子逻辑意思不合理。
E. 同D选项，network做主语，句子逻辑意思不合理；enabled＋名词无法和句子未划线部分的不定
式 and（to）gain financial independence并列。
句子结构：Martha Matilda Harper created America’s first retail franchise network, …
Born… and sent… 修饰主句主语；a radical new business model that…为同位语，是对franchise
network的定义和解释。that enabled women to own and gain… 作为限定性定语从句进一步修饰
business model。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 过去分词位于句首作状语，修饰句子主语，要求逻辑含义合理
2) Enable somebody to do x and (to) do y. 第二个不定式to可以省略。当多个个不定式并列时，可
以有两种表达方法：to do x, to do y, and to do z 或者 to do x, do y and do z
3) 一个句子结构内部，平行的结构优于不平行的结构，简洁的优于罗嗦的，使用动词精确表达的优
于使用名词、形容词。
99. (29685-!-item-!-188;#058&004361)
Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth century,
believed that the productivity of a job could be improved if one were to separate the components of
a task into its individual motions and found the best way to perform each motion, then redesign the
job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.
(A) if one were to separate the components of a task into its individual motions and found the best
way to perform each motion, then redesign
(B) if one separated the components of a task into individual motions, found the best way to perform
the motions, and then redesigning
(C) if the components of a task were separated into individual motions, finding the best way of
performing the motions, and then redesigned
(D) by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to perform
each motion, and then redesigning
(E) by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way of
performing each motion, then redesign
A. One没有合理的指代对象；to separate… and found, then redesign时态、结构均不平行。
B. One没有合理的指代对象；redesigning与separated和found不平行
C. finding现在分词，在此处做伴随状语修饰逗号前面的句子。逗号前的主语为the components of a
task，该主语语法上应该同为伴随状语finding的主语，句子逻辑含义不合理：找到最好的方法的
主语应该是“人”，而不能是某一任务的组成部分。
D. 正确。
E. then redesign与separating/finding不平行
句子结构：Frederick Winslow Taylor, …, believed that…为句子主结构。
that部分之后为宾语从句，为泰勒相信的内容。the productivity of a job could be improved by doing A,
doing B, and then doing C。三个doing要求并列，then提示连续动作的具有先后含义。
平行对称（Parallelism）, 指代一致（Agreement）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 连续的多个动作发生时，要求并列。
2) one在此题选项中从逻辑含义上来讲只能表示人，但是前文并没有出现可以被one指代的合乎逻辑
的指代对象
3) 现在分词/过去分词位于句尾，用逗号与前句隔开，作为状语修饰前句。在这种情况下，现在分词
/过去分词的逻辑主语应与前句（最临近分词的逻辑主谓结构）中的主语相同。具体可见C选项的
详细解释
补充说明：
one/ones（语法说明）： 用以避免重复可数名词，在正式谈话或书面语中，不应使用。不能用以取代
不可数名词，与抽象可数名词连用也很少见。
100. (29731-!-item-!-188;#058&004378)
Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tussaud's work by 30
years, became well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having
skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax.
(A) well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered
popular public figures in wax
(B) well known as much for having an eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of
popular public figures
(C) well known as much because of her eccentric personality as she was for her skillful wax
renderings of popular public figures
(D) as well known for having an eccentric personality as having skillfully rendered popular public
figures in wax
(E) as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of popular public
figures
A. because of (somebody/something) doing something在GMAT中是错误的表达方式，在整本OG
以及本书中，这种表达方式只存在于错误的选项里；because of和for having结构不平行
B. 此选项初看似乎for… and for… 形式对称，但是仔细研究不难发现，for引导的部分，在此选项
中分别为having something 和 something (skillful wax renderings), 前者为动宾关系的词组，后
者为单一的名词，并非严格对称
C. She was多余，导致句子不平行、句子基本结构错误
D. As … for having … as having … 不平行
E. 正确，此选项as… as…结构使用正确，for personality 与 for was renderings精工对仗
句子结构：Patience Lovell Wright became as well known for A as for B. A、B要求是结构和含义都
平行对称的成分。
Whose引导非限制性定语从句修饰主语Patience Lovell Wright，该从句的谓语是preceded, exhibit在
这里为名词。
比较（Comparison）、平行对称（Parallelism）
as…as…引起介宾比较的用法可以有多种。以此句为例，介宾结构为 for A/B，句子既可以是：She
became well known as much for A as for B; 也可以是She became as well known for A as for B. 在
as…as提示的比较结构中，相比较的事物要求形式对称、内容平行
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 平行对称，在GMAT中一般可以分为两个层次：1）结构对称；2）功能及逻辑含义对称。功能和
逻辑的对称的层次高于结构对称。在一些句子长度长、难度高的句子中，平行结构只要满足功能、
逻辑对称，可以不对结构做出严格的要求。如果功能对
