说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
41. (26584-!-item-!-188;#058&003206)
Scientific evidence suggests that the benefits arising from consumption of alcohol are greatest with
alcohol that is taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis than when it is consumed on binges.
(A) with alcohol that is taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis than when it is consumed
(B) with taking alcohol with meals on a moderate, regular basis as opposed to its consumption
(C) when alcohol is taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis, rather than consuming it
(D) when alcohol is taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis rather than consumed
(E) when alcohol, taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis, and not consumed
句子结构：evidence suggests that the benefits… are greatest when alcohol is taken… rather than
consumed…
That引导宾语从句，从句是主系表结构，跟when引导的状语从句，状语从句有并列谓语is taken…
rather than consumed…。
考点：平行对称、句子结构
1) 平行对称-rather than，句中相同功能的结构并列时尽量做到语态、时态形式上都对称。
2) 句子结构，当句子中有分词结构时，注意是否该分词应该是原句的谓语。
(A) greatest with… than when…搭配错误，而且than的连接对象也不平行。
(B) greatest with taking… as opposed to its consumption中，as opposed to（=rather than）连接的
对象不平行。
(C) rather than连接对象主被动语态不平行，is taken…与consuming it。
(D) 正确，rather than后面省略与前面相同的助动词is。
(E) when引导的状语从句结构不完整，只有主语alcohol，缺少谓语，因为taken… and not consumed…
只能视为过去分词做后置定语。
42. (26630-!-item-!-188;#058&003212)
During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of writing, the
Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the
Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
(A) but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was
(B) but it was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya, being
(C) but, not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's, was
(D) not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya, however, being
(E) not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's however, it was
句子结构：During…, the Aztec people developed a written language, but it was not as… as that of
the Maya and was… 比较结构。
But连接并列的句子，并列谓语was not… and was …。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达
1) 比较，as…as…连接比较对象要对等。
2) 句子结构，but连词，如果连接句子，则需要主谓结构齐全，因为连词连接的句子不一定主语相同，
省略时可能不符合逻辑。
3) 逻辑表达，分词结构在句尾可作状语也可作定语，要注意是否有修饰歧义存在。
(A) 正确，it与that都指代written language。
(B) as… as连接的比较对象不对等，language与the Maya；句尾的分词结构being…有作定语修饰
Maya的歧义。
(C) but后面的句子缺少主语，not as…作插入语，致使后面的was more pictographic与developed并
列，主语成为people，不符合逻辑。
(D) 句尾的分词结构being…有作定语修饰Maya的歧义，如果being…与not as… as…并列修饰
language，那么这两个修饰语之间需要连词，而however是副词，无法连接句子（however作连词时，
意思是“尽管”，表示让步而非转折）。
(E) 逗号应该在however的前面，as… as…在两个句子中间，在语法上修饰对象有歧义。
43. (26724-!-item-!-188;#058&003285)
Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar
radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing
over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC's).
(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over,
they also accelerate
(B) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over,
while also accelerating
(C) act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while
also accelerating
(D) they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over,
even though it also accelerates
(E) they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but
they also accelerate
句子结构：Although ice particles … benefit Earth in that…, acting as… and keeping…, they also
accelerate…
这个句子中的分词结构 acting as...只能修饰 in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation，不存在歧
义。如果要往后修饰主句 they also accelerate...，那么必须在 Although...从句与 acting as...之间加上
连词，因为这都是修饰主句的状语（前者是状语从句，后者是分词结构状语），没有连词无法并列存
在。
考点：句子结构
1) 句子结构，有几个分句的较复杂句子，要注意各分句的主谓结构是否完整，分句之间是否有正确
的连词连接，整个句子是否有主句，常见的错误是只有从句无主句，或者把状语结构变成主句内
容。
(A) 正确，原文的acting and keeping是作benefit的伴随状语，解释如何benefit Earth。Although ice
particles benefit..., they also accelerate the destruction...，原文要表达这样一个对比：尽管有益，也
有害。
(B) although与while都是引导状语从句，没有主句。
(C) act and keep在语法上作they的并列谓语，although与while都是引导状语从句，没有主句。
(D) even though与前面的although重复，都是从句。
(E) thus 副词不能连接并列的谓语 act, keep（应将 to 改为连词 and）；Although ice particles benefit...,
they act to keep...这两个分句之间本来没有这层让步转折含义（原文的关系应该是递进），但因为 they
act...成了独立的句子，所以与前面的 although 状语从句联合，不符合逻辑意思。再往后面的 but... 又
与 although 重复（重复使用连词）。
44. (26770-!-item-!-188;#058&003314)
The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic
relationship with brilliantly colored algae, are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants
like agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global
warming.
(A) are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like
(B) are being threatened, experts say, by not only pollutants such as
(C) is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants such as
(D) is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants like
(E) is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as
句子结构：The survival of coral colonies, which…, is being threatened, …, not only by…, but also
by… 并列结构。
考点：主谓一致、平行对称、有效用词
1) 主谓一致，注意区分复杂主语结构中的核心词。
2) 平行对称-not only, but also，连接对象平行。
3) 有效用词，表示举例用such as，而不用like。
(A) 主语是survival，谓语应该是单数is；用like举例错误。
(B) 谓语应该是单数is；not only, but also连接对象不平行。
(C) not only, but also连接对象不平行；用like举例错误。
(D) not only, but also连接对象不平行。
(E) 正确，not only by… but also by…介词短语平行。
45. (26816-!-item-!-188;#058&003335)
A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative
and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too
much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government
programs for health care, education, and the environment.
(A) they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too
powerful, while at the same time supporting
(B) they denounce big government--they say that government is doing too much and has become
too powerful--but supporting at the same time
(C) they denounce big government, they say that government is doing too much and it has become
too powerful, while they support at the same time
(D) while they denounce big government, saying that government is doing too much and has
become too powerful, at the same time supporting
(E) while they are denouncing big government--they say that government is doing too much and it
has become too powerful-- supporting at the same time
句子结构：A recent poll indicates that …, they denounce…, saying…, while supporting…
i.e. 插入语现在分词结构saying…作denounce的伴随状语，while + 现在分词结构表示“与…同时”的
含义（与they denounce并列）。
考点：句子结构
1) 句子结构
2) while+doing现在分词表达时间状语的方式；
3) 如果动词在不同选项之间分别是从句与主句的谓语，要注意句子结构是否完整，选项是否有主句。
(A) 正确，while doing的特殊用法（详见P1-131补充说明），此处宾语从句的引导词that省略了。
(B) but连接对象不平行，they denounce but supporting。
(C) they denounce…, 与they say that…在逻辑上不平行；it多余。
(D) while引导从句，没有主句；supporting…修饰对象不清楚，有与saying…并列的歧义。
(E) 没有主句；it多余。
46. (26958-!-item-!-188;#058&003387)
Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species'
DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.
(A) plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species' DNA, either to improve crop yields or
for warding off
(B) plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop
yields or the warding off of
(C) the splicing of plant or animal genes into other species' DNA, to either improve crop yields or to
ward off
(D) splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or to
ward off
(E) splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of
crop yields or to ward off
句子结构：Genetic engineering entails splicing … into…, either to… or to… 平行结构。
考点：平行对称、习惯用语
1) 平行对称，either, or连接对象要平行。
2) 习惯用语-entail：verb. to involve sth or cause it that cannot be avoided.
entail sth., entail doing sth.
例：It will entail driving a long distance every day.这意味着每天都要长途开车.
(A) either, or连接对象不平行；entail doing是习惯用法。
(B) either, or连接对象不平行；entail doing是习惯用法；to do不定式表目的优于for doing。
(C) 与A选项错误原因相同。
(D) 正确，entail doing sth，either to… or to…平行。
(E) 与A选项错误原因相同。
47. (27004-!-item-!-188;#058&003398)
Those skeptical of the extent of global warming argue that short-term temperature data are an
inadequate means of predicting long-term trends and point out that the scientific community
remains divided on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does.
(A) on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does
(B) on whether warming that occurs will be significant and the impact it would have
(C) as to whether significant warming will occur or the impact it would have if it did
(D) over whether there will be significant warming or the impact it will have
(E) over whether significant warming will occur and what impact it would have
句子结构：Those… argue that … data are an… means of… and point out that….
并列的that宾语从句，divide over后跟并列宾语whether… and what…。
考点：动词形式、逻辑表达
1) 动词形式-虚拟语气，表达对将来的假想，用虚拟语气。
2) 逻辑表达，原句中的连词不能随意改变，否则会使原句意思发生变化。
(A) 应该用虚拟语气；will it语序不正确，应该是what impact it will have。
(B) warming… will be significant表达的意思与原句不同，使it指代warming，改变原意。
(C) 应该用连词and而不是or，因为根据原意remain divided的有两件事：whether significant warming
will occur和what impact，所以要用and。
(D) 应该用虚拟语气；连词or改变原意；there be句型不及主谓结构更有效。
(E) 正确，虚拟语气would+动词原形have，表对将来的假想，it指代significant warming。
补充说明：
1、divide over
divide over: if people divide over sth or if sth divides them, it causes strong disagreement between
them.
例句是：The democrats are divided over whether to admit him into their group。
2、虚拟语气的表达
if 条件从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气，主句谓语动词也用虚拟语气
1）表示与现在事实相反：从句用过去时（be 一律用 were），主句用 should（第一人称）/would（第
二、三人称）/coul/might + 动词原形
If they were here, they would help you.
2）表示与过去的事实相反：从句用 should + 动词原形，主句用 should（第一人称）/would（第二、
三人称）/coul/might +have + 过去分词(过去完成时)
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
3）表示与将来的事实相反(对将来的假想)：从句用 should + 动词原形，主句用 should（第一人称）
/would（第二、三人称）/coul/might + 动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
48. (27050-!-item-!-188;#058&003400)
Once made exclusively from the wool of sheep that roam the Isle of Lewis and Harris off the coast
of Scotland, Harris tweed is now made only with wools that are imported, sometimes from the
mainland and sometimes they come--as a result of a 1996 amendment to the Harris Tweed
Act--from outside Scotland.
(A) sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come
(B) sometimes from the mainland and sometimes
(C) that come sometimes from the mainland or sometimes
(D) from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes it comes
(E) from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes coming
句子结构：Once made from…, Harris tweed is now made …, sometimes from… and sometimes
from… 平行结构。
考点：平行对称
1) 平行对称-介词短语，and连接并列的结构，要保持平行对称。
(A) and连接对象不平行。
(B) 正确，from… and from…介词短语平行。
(C) that引导定语从句修饰wools，前面需要连词才可以与前一个that从句并列。
(D) and连接对象不平行。
(E) and连接对象不平行。
49. (27096-!-item-!-188;#058&003405)
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10,000 years from the
beginning of agriculture to 1950.
(A) Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10,000 years from the
beginning of agriculture
(B) Since 1990 the growth of the global economy has been more than that during 10,000 years,
from when agriculture began
(C) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds that which had been for 10,000 years
from the beginning of agriculture
(D) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds what it has been for 10,000 years, from
when agriculture began
(E) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds what it did for the 10,000 years from the
beginning of agriculture
句子结构：… the global economy has grown more than it did… 比较结构。
考点：比较、动词形式
1) 比较，相同比较对象的代词指代，代词that通常不单独使用，后面常跟of…。
2) 动词形式，from…to…连接两个过去的时间范围时，用一般过去时态。
(A) 正确，it指代economy，did指grow的过去时。
(B) 该选项是名词growth之间的对比，表达不准确，more than之间应该有形空词，如fast；from +when
引导的从句用法错误，介词from后面应该加名词。
(C) that指代错误，表达罗嗦不清晰；过去完成时态错误，应该用过去时态。
(D) it指代对象不清楚，表达罗嗦不清晰，且exceeds后面应该用过去时态，而不是现在完成时态；from
+when引导的从句用法错误。
(E) it指代对象不清楚，表达罗嗦不清晰。
50. (27142-!-item-!-188;#058&003455)
With no natural predators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting,
wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer population to have grown to exceed 175,000.
(A) With no natural predators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting,
wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer population to have
(B) With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that do not
allow hunting, wildlife officials' estimate of the deer population in New Jersey has
(C) With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where there is
no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlife officials estimate, has
(D) Without natural predators and no hunting allowed in expanses of green suburban
neighborhoods, New Jersey has a deer population that wildlife officials estimate to have
(E) Without natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where there is
no hunting, wildlife officials in New Jersey estimate a deer population that has
句子结构：With… and with…, the deer population…, has grown…
并列的介词短语在句首作状语，逻辑主语是主句主语deer population。
考点：逻辑表达、简洁有效
1) 逻辑表达，介词短语位于句首时，其逻辑主语等于句子主语；主谓搭配逻辑要合理。
2) 简洁有效，without连接并列的名词时，要注意其修饰对象是否清楚，是否合理。
(A) officials是句子主语，使句首的with结构修饰对象错误；with no A and B, B…的表达有歧义，无法
确定是否no也修饰B。
(B) estimate是句子主语，使句首的with结构修饰对象错误；estimate has grown主谓搭配不符合逻辑。
(C) 正确，wildlife officials estimate作插入语。
(D) New Jersey是句子主语，使句首的with结构修饰对象错误；without A and no B..的表达有歧义，
without与no重复，且修饰对象不清楚。
(E) officials是句子主语，使句首的with结构修饰对象错误；estimate a deer population表达错误，应
该是estimate to be/have sth。
51. (27188-!-item-!-188;#058&003462)
Studies that have compared the different types of insects in coffee plantations and tropical forests
have reported either finding a similar or a greater variety in plantations.
(A) and tropical forests have reported either finding a similar or a
(B) with those of tropical forests have either reported finding a similar or
(C) with those in tropical forests have reported finding either a similar or a
(D) to tropical forests have either reported finding a similar or
(E) to those of tropical forests have reported either finding a similar or
A. compare x and y不符合习语搭配
B. either reported finding a similar or great variety结构中，either… or连接的结构不对称
C. 正确，compared A in coffee plantations with those (指代A) in tropical forests 将位于两个不同
地方的不同种类的昆虫进行比较，结构对称，含义对等；have reported finding either a similar or
a variety也为结构对称、含义对等的平行结构
D. 比较对象不对等，在compare x to y结构中，x为不同种类的昆虫，而y则为热带雨林，两者不具
有可比性
E. 在compare x to y结构中，x为 the different types of insects in Place A，而该选项中y结构为those
of tropical forests，由于介词of而不是in的关系，破换了原有平行关系，造成了those可以指代the
different types也可以指代the different types of insects的歧义，这样，选项变成了将different
types of insects与different types of tropical forests比较的错误；另外，该选项Either… or前后连
接的结构不平行
句子结构：Studies that… have reported finding either… or….为句子主结构。That引导定语从句修饰
studies.
习惯用语（Idiom）, 比较（Comparison）, 平行对称（Parallelism）
1. compare x with/to y为习语搭配。在GMAT中，使用介词to或者with都可以表示比较的含义
2. 在上述compare的比较结构中，要求比较对象对等
3. compare x with/to y, either x or y两个习语均要求x与y结构对称，含义对等。
补充说明
一般英语规则认为compare with表示比较，而compare x to y 表示将x比喻成y。在GMAT当中，
compare with 和 compare to均可以表示比较，两个介词用法的区别不是考点
52. (27234-!-item-!-188;#058&003466)
The two oil companies agreed to merge their refining and marketing operations in the Midwest and
the West, forming a new company for controlling nearly fifteen percent of the nation's gasoline
sales.
(A) forming a new company for controlling
(B) forming a new company that would control
(C) which would form a new company that controlled
(D) which formed a new company for controlling
(E) which formed a new company that would control
A. For controlling不是最优表达目的的方法
B. 正确，使用现在forming作伴随状语，that引起限定性定语从句修饰 a new company，时态语态
正确：that would control－新公司将会控制
C. which不能用于指代前句描述的事实，that controlled时态错误，新公司“将会”控制15％的市场，
但还没有控制，controlled过去时表示动作已经发生，和would form a new company－将要形成
一个新公司，时态、语义矛盾
D. which不能用于指代前句描述的事实；formed表示已经成立，时态错误
E. which不能用于指代前句描述的事实；formed表示已经成立，时态错误
句子结构：The two companies agreed to..., forming a new company that…
逗号前为句子主句，现在分词作为伴随状语，表结果。
考点: 指代一致（Agreement）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) GMAT语法中，代词一定要有明确的指代对象，which不能用于指代前句描述的事实
2) 表达目的，用to do，通常不使用for doing。
3) 注意原文要表达的逻辑意思及时间关系，来选择正确的动词形式。该题中原句描述将来合并之后
的新公司会占据15％的市场的可能性，应该使用将来时态的虚拟语气 – would control；另外，如
果作者想表达合并之后的新公司会占据15％的市场的确定性，则应该使用一般将来时 – will
control。由于合并还没有发生，占据15％的市场也没有发生，所以不能用过去时态
补充说明
曾经有不少考生询问A选项，认为for controlling表示目的也是可以接受的表达法，如果A不一定错，
为什么不选A？我们在复习以及考试时应该牢牢记住，GMAT改错的题目，是要求选择“最好”的选项。
“最好”，是个比较的概念，只有通过比较，才指导哪个选项最好。比如该题目，考生可以很快排除CDE
三个选项，那我们就来比较AB选项，这时，应该记住，我们已经不是仅仅在找对的选项，而是要找“最
好”的。A选项for controlling表示目的也可接受，但是表目的使用to control更直接简洁、动作性更强；
而且，forming现在分词作伴随状语表示的是“结果”，在表结果的句型中又来谈目的，语义的合理性有
待商榷。返观B选项，forming现在分词作伴随状语表示的是“结果”，that would control进一步限定修
饰 new company，would control正确表达了新公司将会控制市场的这一语义。故相比之下，虽然A
并没有语法上的错误，但是B显然是更好的选项。
53. (27280-!-item-!-188;#058&003467)
Britain's economic growth was slower in the mid-1970's and its decline much more rapid in the subsequent recession than the United States.
(A) Britain's economic growth was slower in the mid-1970's and its decline much more rapid in the
subsequent recession than the United States.
(B) The economic growth of Britain was slower in the mid-1970's and it declined much more rapidly
in the subsequent recession than the United States did.
(C) Britain's economy, which grew more slowly in the mid-1970's, also had declined much more
rapidly in the subsequent recession than the United States did.
(D) The economy of Britain grew more slowly in the mid-1970's and declined much more rapidly in
the subsequent recession than did the economy of the United States.
(E) Britain's economy grew more slowly in the mid-1970's and its decline was much more rapid
during the subsequent recession than the economy of the United States.
A. economic growth与the US比较对象不对等；its指代economic growth语义错误
B. economic growth与the US比较对象不对等；its指代economic growth语义错误
C. economic growth与the US比较对象不对等；时间轴上先发生的动作用过去时，后发生的动作用
过去完成时，had declined过去完成时态错误。
D. 正确。
E. E选项大量使用名词，不如D选项使用grew/declined等动词直接、精确、简洁
句子结构：The economy of Britain did A more slowly and did B more rapidly than did the economy of
the US.
考点: 比较（Comparison）, 指代一致（Agreement）、动词形式（Verb Form）、简洁有效（Rhetorical
Construction）
1) 比较对象一定要对等。
2) 代词用于指代所有格A’s B，指代的对象只能是B，不是A，因为指示代词不能指代所有格上的名
词。如该题A选项，its指代的是economic growth，而不是Britain。
3) 过去时用于描述过去发生的事件，过去完成时用于描述过去某一时点或时间之前发生并完成的事
件。过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义。
4) 当名词选项和对应的动词选项同时出现时，一般情况下动词选项为正确答案，因为动作性更强，
表达更有效。当形容词选项和动词选项同时出现时，同理，选动词选项。
54. (27326-!-item-!-188;#058&003502)
Greatly influenced by the Protestant missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of
the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution.
(A) was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided
(B) was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sided
(C) alone among the five nations of the Iroquois League sided
(D) were the only ones out of the five nations of the Iroquois League in siding
(E) only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sided
A. The Oneida为集合名词，谓语应为复数were；the five-nation Iroquois League是一个整体，核心
词就是League，联盟。The only one of the five-nation Iroquois League的核心部分即为the only
one of the League。the League本来就是单一的一个组织，所以the only one of the League这种
表达不正确、不合理。the only one of the five nations，the only one后面接复数名词，才是正确
用法
B. The Oneida为集合名词，谓语应为复数were；alone of的问题，类似上述A选项的the only one。
C. 正确，alone在该句中作副词，强调the Oneida的唯一性。
D. Only与ones前后单复数不一致。
E. 使用过去完成时没有根据，本句为对过去事件的简单描述，不够成“过去的过去”这一时点，所以
不应该使用过去完成时；only of的问题，原因同A选项分析
句子结构：…, the Oneida… sided with….为句子主结构。Greatly influenced修饰the Oneida，表被
影响。
考点: 主谓一致（Agreement）,动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 定冠词the+姓氏、朝代、部族名称等，表示一群人，是集合名词，位于要求用复数。如the Smith
为史密斯一家，the Shang表示商朝人等。
2) only作形容词，表示唯一的一个，既然是唯一的一个，后面修饰的名词就不能是复数，否则语义
及单复数前后矛盾
3) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义。
55. (27372-!-item-!-188;#058&003503)
With a new park, stadium, and entertainment complex along the Delaware River, Trenton, New
Jersey, is but one of a large number of communities that is looking to use its waterfront as a way for
it to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(A) is looking to use its waterfront as a way for it to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B) is looking at using its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C) are looking to use their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D) are looking to use its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(E) are looking at using their waterfronts as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attract
A. that定语从句修饰复数名词communities，其谓语应为复数are。
B. that定语从句修饰复数名词communities，其谓语应为复数are；应使用习语be looking to do
something
C. 正确。
D. Its与communities不一致，应为复数their；as a way of doing…的目的表达方式不及不定式to
improve简洁有效。
E. 习语使用错误，应为be looking to do something；as a way of doing…的目的表达方式不及不定
式to improve简洁有效。
句子结构：…, Trenton, New Jersey, is but one of a large number of communities that….为句子主结
构。
With a new park,….以with开头，修饰Trenton，表示Trenton“拥有”with后面提到的事物。类似with位
于句首的用法可以参考OG10-158题对with的解释。划线部分为限定性定语从句，修饰communities.
主谓一致（Agreement）, 习惯用语（Idiom）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 明确that定语从句的修饰对象，确定其谓语及指代单复数。
2) be looking to do something为固定习语，表示计划、期望做某事。比如：We’re looking to buy a new
car early next year.（摘自朗文词典）
3) 不定式to do是表目的的最佳方式。
56. (27418-!-item-!-188;#058&003510)
Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and
produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root
system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.
(A) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater
enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very
(B) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, which allows for their greater
enrichment of the soil, but without growing to be that
(C) the root system of native North American grasses is extensive, allowing for greater enrichment
of the soil, but they do not grow to be very
(D) the root system of native North American grasses is more extensive, allowing for the greater
enrichment of the soil, but these grasses do not grow to be very
(E) the extensiveness of the root system of native North American grasses allows for their greater
enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be that
A. 正确。
B. But without growing修饰对象不清楚：是 which (指代the root system) allows for…, but… 表示
对allows的转折、逻辑主语为root system，还是grasses develop…, but… 表示对develop的转折、
逻辑主语为grasses？without growing to be…结构笨拙
C. unlike比较结构，比较对象不对等，unlike引起比较的对象未划线部分为wheatgrass，因此，划
线部分句子主语应该是另外一种草，而不能是草的根
D. unlike比较结构，比较对象不对等
E. unlike比较结构，比较对象不对等
句子结构：Unlike crested wheatgrass, …, native North American grasses develop…, allowing…, but
do not grow to….为句子主结构。
Allowing分词短语非限定性修饰先行词root system；develop but do not grow to be… 两谓语动词平
行，主语为native North American grasses.
比较（Comparison）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) unlike引起比较的对象要求对等，具有可比性。
2) 位于逗号后现在分词结构，有两种用法：第一种为做状语修饰前句的主谓，表示伴随或者结果；
第二种为分词结构做非限定性修饰成分，修饰先行词（名词或名词性短语），表示对先行词的进
一步解释与说明
57. (27464-!-item-!-188;#058&003513)
The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable--whether from natural processes like
shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or the ever-increasing pressures
of development.
(A) whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, or
(B) whether from natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, or also
(C) to processes that are natural like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, and also
(D) to processes that are natural ones like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, as well as to
(E) to natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes,
as well as to
A. vulnerable要求使用to搭配；whether… or词组使用不正确
B. vulnerable要求使用to搭配；whether… or词组使用不正确
C. like作介词表示“相似”，起提示比较的作用，不能用于举例，应使用such as；processes that are
natural罗嗦，应直接改为natural processes；and also (be vulnerable) to… 的第二个to不能省略，
以明确平行的对象
D. like不能用于举例；processes that are natural ones罗嗦，应直接改为natural processes
E. 正确。
句子结构：The ecosystems… are extremely vulnerable… to…, as well as to….
习惯用语（Idiom）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、平行对称（Parallelism）、有效用词（Diction）
1) be vulnerable to something为正确的习语
2) whether A, B or C, 表示的是不同的选项，表示“是不是”这一不肯定的含义。在该句中，使用
whether… or… 词组句子意思不合理
3) be vulnerable to A, as well as to B 要求句子结构平行，为保持平行，不省略介词；A结构内部使
用such as举例，such as x, y, and z 也要求结构平行对称
4) 在GMAT语法中，like不用于举例，用such as。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 As well as表示同样、也等意思，应为解释为：in addition to something or someone else。它与
and是有区别的，不能简单的认为 as well as等于and：
a) 意思上：A and B结构中，A与B平行，属于同一层次；而A, as well as B这一结构中，B是对
A的补充，并非同一层次
b) 谓语动词：以A and B作主语的句子，主语包含了含义平行的同一层次的A和B两者，所以谓
语为复数；而以A, as well as B做主语的句子，主语的核心只有A，B是顺带提一下的补充句
意性质的成分，因此谓语的人称和数由A的人称和数决定
c) 多个名词平行，同时使用到and和as well as的结构，我们可以使用：A, B, and C, as well as
D。其中，ABC是同一个层次的事物，它们之间是同一层次的平行关系，D是对ABC的一个
补充，严格上来说和ABC不属于同一个层次。同理，(both) A and B, as well as C 也是正确
的，AB属于同层次的事物，C是对AB的一个补充。
d) 如果出现 be vulnerable to A, B, as well as C 这种句型，我们认为是错误的。因为as well as
和and是有区别的，as well as不能代替and。上述句型，如果ABC属于同一层次，则应改为
A, B, and C. 如果AB同层次，C是补充说明类的事物，则应该改为A and B, as well as C
AWA测试 多个带to的结构平行时，可以考虑两种用法：要么全部都带to，要么只有第一个有to、后面的都
不带。比如本题中，可以是be vulnerable to A, B and C，也可以是be vulnerable to A, to B, and to
C. 其他方式的不正确。
58. (27510-!-item-!-188;#058&003569)
If current trends continue, by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar to a
level more than one-third higher than were those in 1990, according to official projections.
(A) will soar to a level more than one-third higher than were those
(B) will soar to a level more than one-third higher than that
(C) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than it was
(D) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than those
(E) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than they were
A. 复数those不能指代单数level，因此只能强制指代前句的复数主语emissions，那么，句子变成将
level与emissions相比较，比较对象不对等
B. 正确。
C. 主语应该使用will，而不是would
D. 主语应该使用will，而不是would；复数those没有指代对象
E. 主语应该使用will，而不是would；复数they没有指代对象
句子结构：If current trend continue, … carbon emissions … will soar..., according to…条件主从复合
句。条件状语从句如果使用一般现在时，主语应该使用一般将来时
指代一致（Agreement）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) than/as比较结构中，名词由代词those/that指代时单复数需一致。
2) 在条件主从复合句中，条件状语从句如果使用一般现在时，主语应该使用一般将来时。句型为：
If A happens, B will happen.
补充说明
If A happens, B will happen.句型是GMAT当中的一种常见结构。但是，当出现If A happens, B
happens.句型时，读者不要轻易认为这种句子就是错误的。OG中不只一次的出现if条件状语复合句，
主句和从句同时使用一般现在时的情况，比如，读者可以参考OG10-46, OG10-151题。
59. (27556-!-item-!-188;#058&003603)
An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be
between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
(A) project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and
(B) project an average global warming to be from 1.8 to
(C) project global warming that will average between 1.8 and
(D) projects global warming to average from 1.8 to
(E) projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and
A. 主语group要求使用单数谓语
B. 主语group要求使用单数谓语
C. 主语group要求使用单数谓语
D. 句子含义不正确。Warming一词在句中表达的是一个增量，即从现在到2000年全球气温升高的
增量，这个增量的值在1.8到6.3之间，是一个范围。表达范围的意思，我们可以使用between…
and…, 或者可以使用ranging from… to…。这些词组表示范围，但是不存在方向性。单纯使用
from… to…是有方向性的，从什么到什么，表达一种趋势。该用法在该句句意下不合适
E. 正确。
句子结构：An international group… projects an average global warming of…. 为主结构。
主谓一致（Agreement）
1) team, group等集合名词，为集合名词，视为单数，要求使用单数谓语
60. (27602-!-item-!-188;#058&003606)
Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are not programmed to
walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and
error.
(A) BEAM robots are not programmed to walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural
networks to learn to walk through trial and error
(B) BEAM robots learn to walk through trial and error by using brainlike circuits called neural
networks instead of by programming them
(C) BEAM robots are not being programmed to walk but instead using brainlike circuits called
neural networks and learning to walk through trial and error
(D) brainlike circuits called neural networks are used instead of programming for BEAM robots
learning to walk through trial and error
(E) brainlike circuits called neural networks are being used for BEAM robots that learn to walk
through trial and error instead of being programmed
A. 正确。
B. Instead of by programming them的主语为BEAM robots，机器人自己不能为自己编程，该句逻
辑含义不通
C. 现在进行时的被动语态使but后面的using…与其并列，逻辑意思不合理。
D. 句首的分词结构修饰对象错误。
E. 名首的分词结构修饰对象错误。
句子结构：Pioneered by…, BEAM robots are not programmed…; instead they use…
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 分词结构在句首，修饰对象为主句主语。
2) be being done为现在进行时的被动语态
