说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
21. (25520-!-item-!-188;#058&002357)
Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in
small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
(A) scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
(B) scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it
painstakingly
(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
(E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed by scientists
句子结构：Before scientist learned how to synthesize… hormone, it had to be removed… from…
Before引导时间状语从句，主句主语it指代the growth hormone。
考点：逻辑表达、指代一致
1) 逻辑表达，分词结构置于句首时，其逻辑主语等于句子主语。
2) 指代一致，要注意名词和代词在逻辑上不一致的情况，从理解句意出发，确定代词是否指代合理
的对象。
(A) 句子结构不完整，只有because引导的状语从语，removing…不是完整的主句；it指代synthetic
growth hormone不符合逻辑，应该指代the growth hormone，而不是合成的H。
(B) Before后跟过去完成时态错误，因为learn应该在主句动作remove时间之后；it指代synthetic
growth hormone不符合逻辑。
(C) 正确，it指代the growth hormone（明确it的指代对象，是做对本题的关键）。
(D) it指代synthetic growth hormone不符合逻辑。
(E) 分词结构learning…的逻辑主语错误，不应该是it（hormone）。
22. (25566-!-item-!-188;#058&002406) [OG原题，OG10-257，OG11-RC-GWD：第177-191...
The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets--Mercury, Venus, and Mars--spins were
determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.
(A) spins were determined from
(B) spins were determined because of
(C) spins was determined through
(D) spin was determined by
(E) spin was determined as a result of
句子结构：The direction in which … planets spin was determined by…
主句主语是direction，由which引导定语从句修饰，从句主语是the Earth and other solid planets，所
以从句谓语用复数spin，主句谓语是被动语态was determined。
OG10解释：
D, the best choice, is clear and concise, and uses correct subject-verb agreement.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they use the singular verb spins for the plural subject
Earth and the other solid planets--Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
Choices A and B furthermore incorrectly use the plural were, which does not agree with the singular
subject The direction. To express cause, determined by is idiomatic; the prepositions from and
through in A and C are not idiomatic. The phrase determined because of in B is redundant.
In E, the phrase determined as a result of is redundant, awkward, and unidiomatic.
OG11解释：
Agreement + Idiom
Two verbs collide in the underlined section, and both have agreement errors. Spins should be
plural to agree with its subject the Earth and the other solid planets; were determined should be
singular to agree with its subject the direction. The idiom determined by is used to express cause;
determined from is incorrect in this context.
A Spins should be spin; were should he was; from should be by
B Spins should be spin; were should be was; because of should be by
C Spins should be spin; through should be by
D Correct. In this sentence, spin agrees with the plural subject the Earth and the other solid planets;
was determined agrees with its subject the direction; the idiom determined by is used to express
cause.
E The wordy as a result of is not the correct idiom
23. (25612-!-item-!-188;#058&002525) [OG原题，OG10-AWA-OG：第56题
Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of
Nambung, Australia, call female moths to them by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory
ones, and they attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
(A) by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract
(B) by the use of acoustical signals instead of using olfactory ones, and attracting
(C) by using acoustical signals, not using olfactory ones, and by attracting
(D) using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory ones, and attract
(E) using acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and attracting
句子结构：Scientists believe that…, … male moths… call female moths… using…, rather than…,
and attract their mates...
That引导宾语从句说明believe的内容，从句主语是male whistling moths，并列谓语是call and attract，
现在分词结构using…作伴随方式状语。
OG10解释：
Choice D, the best answer, is concise, maintains parallel structure, and clearly conveys the
comparisons being made between the two types of moth.
In A and E, the comparison between most male moths and the male whistling moth is not clear. The
use of but not does not clearly convey that most other moths use olfactory signals; rather than
would be preferable, as well as parallel to rather than at night.
In A, the phrase by the use of is unnecessarily wordy, and the insertion of they is not required.
In E, the final verb should be attract (parallel to call), not attracting (parallel to using).
Choice B violates parallelism with by the use of... instead of using, as well as with call... and
attracting.
Choice C distorts the meaning of the original with its suggestion that male whistling moths call
female moths to them both by using acoustical signals and by attracting their mates during the day.
The insertion of using in not using olfactory ones is unnecessary.
24. (25658-!-item-!-188;#058&002529)
The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely
scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
three wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.
(A) merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany,
including
(B) as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which
include
(C) as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
(D) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which
includes
(E) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany,
including
句子结构：The new image… as…, rather than…, has emerged from… tools…, including…
主语是image，谓语是has emerged，过去分词found作后置定语修饰名词tools，including…是介词短
语作定语，修饰tools。
考点：逻辑表达、平行对称
1) 逻辑表达，which引导定语从句与分词后置定语作修饰成分没有差别，但定语从句需要通过其谓语
单复数来判断修饰哪个名词。
2) 平行对称-rather than，rather than连接的对象要对等，形式要相同，介词尽量不省略以避免产生
歧义。
(A) rather than连接对象不对称，分词scavenging与名词hunters；主语是image，谓语动词应该用单
数has。
(B) rather than连接对象不对称；谓语动词应该用单数has；emerge from后面应该跟名词examination
表结果，而不是分词examining表动作/状态。
(C) That从句应该修饰复数名词tools，谓语需用include；from + doing表状态不对，应用from+名词表
结果。
(D) That从句应该修饰复数名词tools，谓语需用include。
(E) 正确，including是介词。该选项也有瑕疵，如果补充as就平行了，否则有歧义rather than+名词
原则上可以和前面任何一个名词对称。
25. (25704-!-item-!-188;#058&002607)
There is a widespread belief in the United States and Western Europe that young people have a
smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source
of the change lies in the collapse of the "work ethic."
(A) a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(B) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
(E) a lessening of the commitment to work and a career that their parents and grandparents had
句子结构：There is a… belief… that young people have… than their parents and grandparents had
and that… 比较结构。
谓语believe后跟that引导的并列宾语从句。
考点：比较、有效用词
1) 比较，less/more adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，补出助动词以避免产生歧义，介词不可省略，
常见的错误用法有：缺少助动词；补出的助动词与前面不一致。
2) 有效用词-less，less of 与 a lessening of 含义不同，less of 是（相比之下）较少的，而 lessoning
是减缓，没有对比的意思。lessen: verb. to become or make sth become smaller, weaker, less
important, etc. lessoning 是名词
(A) 缺少助动词had会产生比较歧义，than前面有不止一个名词。
(B) 缺少助动词had。
(C) that指代commitment使than前后比较对象不对等，应补出助动词had，在句子之间对比。
(D) 正确，young people与their parents and grandparents之间have commitment的情况对比。
(E) less of a commitment与a lessening of the commitment含义不同；and a career与前面的名词a
lessening平行，不符合逻辑。
26. (25798-!-item-!-188;#058&002669)
A team of scientists has recently provided evidence of Earth being bombarded daily with as many
as 40,000 small comets, vaporizing in the upper atmosphere to fall to Earth as rain.
(A) of Earth being bombarded daily with as many as 40,000 small comets, vaporizing in the upper
atmosphere to
(B) of Earth's being daily bombarded with as many as 40,000 small comets, vaporizing in the upper
atmosphere and that
(C) that as much or more than 40,000 small comets daily bombard Earth, vaporizing in the upper
atmosphere, and
(D) that daily Earth is bombarded with as much or more than 40,000 small comets that vaporize in
the upper atmosphere and that
(E) that Earth is bombarded daily with as many as 40,000 small comets that vaporize in the upper
atmosphere and
句子结构：A team… has provided evidence that Earth is bombarded… with… comets that
vaporize… and fall…
宾语evidence后跟that引导的同位语从句，从句主语是Earth，谓语是is bombarded with，宾语comets
由that引导的定语从句修饰，该从句有并列谓语vaporize and fall。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达
1) 句子结构
1） 同位语从句，名词+that同位语从句结构常被名词+of being混淆，将that位置改变，使引
导定语从句，改变句子强调重心。
2） 连词and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与从
句并列
2) 逻辑表达，现在分词结构在句尾可作定语修饰紧临的名词，也可作状语修饰整个句子，所以在这
种情况下需要特别注意，通常优先作定语修饰名词，如果不符合逻辑，则是作状语修饰句子，如
果二者都能理解符合逻辑，则说明该分词结构有修饰歧义。这种情况下，用定语从句修饰名词更
有效。
(A) evidence of being表达错误，evidence后面应该跟同位语从句解释evidence的内容；现在分词
vaporizing在句尾有作伴随状语修饰主句的歧义，vaporizing to fall to也不符合逻辑意思。
(B) evidence of being表达错误，evidence后面应该跟同位语从句解释evidence的内容；现在分词
vaporizing在句尾有作伴随状语修饰主句的歧义；and that没有并列对象。
(C) as much or more than搭配错误；分词结构vaporizing修饰对象不清楚。
(D) daily位置改变使其修饰对象错误；as much or more than搭配错误；and that在语法上与前面的that
并列，不符合逻辑，应该去掉that，与vaporize作并列从句谓语。
(E) 正确，第一个that引导同位语从句，第二个that引导定语从句修饰comets。
27. (25844-!-item-!-188;#058&002767)
In an effort to increase profits, the company moved itself from emphasizing its chemicals business
to expand into high-growth pharmaceuticals and futuristic biotechnologies.
(A) itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand
(B) itself from emphasizing its chemicals business then to expanding
(C) from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expanding
(D) from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expand
(E) from emphasizing its chemicals business to expanding
句子结构：…, the company moved from emphasizing… to expanding… 平行结构。
主语company后跟不及物动词move作谓语，from… to…是介词短语作状语。
考点：平行对称、简洁有效
1) 平行对称-from to，连接对象要形式相同。
2) 简洁有效，then表达了和from to重复的先后次序意思。
(A) itself多余；from… to…连接对象不平行。
(B) itself和then多余，then表达了和from to重复的先后次序意思。
(C) from… to…连接对象不平行，and多余。
(D) from… to…连接对象不平行，and多余。
(E) 正确，from… to…连接动名词。
28. (25890-!-item-!-188;#058&002817)
In 1997, despite an economy that marked its sixth full year of uninterrupted expansion with the
lowest jobless rate in a quarter century, the number of United States citizens declaring themselves
bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, at 1.34 million.
(A) declaring themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, at
(B) declaring themselves bankrupt jumped by almost 20 percent, to
(C) who declared themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, to
(D) who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at
(E) to declare themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at
句子结构：…, despite an economy…, the number of… citizens… jumped by…, to…
考点：动词形式、习惯用语、逻辑表达
1) 动词形式，in+年代，是表示过去的时间状语，用一般过去时态。
2) 习惯用语-jump to，如果jump表示数量或水平的进步到一定程度，常跟介词to，而不是at。
3) 逻辑表达-定语，分词、定语从句、不定式都可以作定语修饰名词，但不定式作定语要慎用，因为
不定式也可作状语表目的，容易产生歧义。
(A) 现在完成时态错误，In 1997是表过去的时间状语，应该用一般过去时；此句中jump后应该跟介
词to。
(B) 正确，分词declaring作后置定语修饰citizens。
(C) 现在完成时态错误。
(D) 此句中jump后应该跟介词to。
(E) 此句中jump后应该跟介词to。
补充说明：介词despite
Despite: prep. =in spite of. You use despite to introduce a fact which makes the other parts of the
sentence surprising. 后跟名词。
29. (26032-!-item-!-188;#058&002964)
Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in
San Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio,
is the city's most popular attraction.
(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river
in San Antonio
(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life,
in San Antonio the river
(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life,
unlike San Antonio, where it
(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San
Antonio
(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in
San Antonio the river
句子结构：No longer do many cities… have a river…, but… the river winds through…, and the
River…, is…
副词no longer置于句首，整句倒装。
考点：比较、逻辑表达
1) 比较-unlike，与like用法相同，比较对象要对等。
2) 逻辑表达，原句中的副词等修饰成分不能随意改变，尤其是带有否定意义的词，如本题中的no
longer，会使句意发生改变。
(A) unlike连接比较对象不平行，cities和river。
(B) which指代United States错误，应该指代river。
(C) unlike一般不置于句中，容易产生对比歧义；it指代错误，在逻辑上不能指代前面的river。
(D) 去掉no longer，把全部否定变成部分否定，改变了原句意思。
(E) 正确，but连接并列的分句，不需要形式上完全对等。
补充说明：
1、focal
focal: adj. Focal is used to describe sth that is very imporatant.
focal centre
2、比较结构 as/like 在句中
as 结构和 like 结构都符合语法规则的，难度较高。
As 或者 like 结构出现在两个逻辑分句的中间，这个时候就会产生歧义，到底这个结构是应该和前一
个分句构成整体还是跟后一个分句构成整体。例如：
Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults,
they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(A) like adults (B) unlike an adult (C) as adults (D) as adults do (E) as an adult
我们注意到 A 选项和 D 选项都符合语法规则，也都和前面的 children 保持数的一致性，从纯语法规
则上讲是都正确的。但是 A 存在歧义。我们不清楚 like adults 是和前一个分句构成整体还是和后一个
分句构成整体，也就是不知道大人是在“do not organize”这个动作上和小孩一样还是在“may notice
and remember”这个动作上和小孩一样，所以有歧义。
因为前后两个分句的助动词不一样，所以可以使用 as 结构区分。如果 as 结构的助动词和前一个分句
一致，就应该和前一个分句构成整体；同样，如果和后一个分句的助动词一致，就应该和后一个分句
构成整体。
30. (26078-!-item-!-188;#058&002967)
Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in
beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body's blood
vessels.
(A) comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that
(B) comes from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and
vitamin C, and they
(C) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and
(D) come from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and
vitamin C and that
(E) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and
they
句子结构：Most of… benefits… come from antioxidants—compounds that… and that…
主语是benefits，谓语是come from，宾语antioxidants后跟同位语compounds，由并列的that从句修
饰。
考点：主谓一致、句子结构、平行对称
1) 主谓一致，most of+名词，谓语动词与名词单复数一致。
2) 句子结构，连词and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与
从句并列，注意并列对象之间的逻辑关系。
3) 平行对称，and连接平行对象，要注意在语态、时态及形式上都相同。
(A) comes应该用复数；that从句就近修饰vitamin C错误。
(B) comes应该用复数；and they inhibit是独立句子，应该与主句并列，无法与从句中的found并列。
(C) and inhibit和found不平行，前者是主动语态的动词原形，后者是过去分词。
(D) 正确，that引导的定语从句并列修饰compounds。
(E) and they inhibit是独立句子，应该与主句并列，无法与从句中的found并列。
31. (26124-!-item-!-188;#058&002968)
Gone are the sharp edges and jutting planes of styles from former eras; instead, designers of
everything from cars to computer monitors have adopted a cornerless style of smooth surfaces and
curves that is more ergonomic, conforming to the shape of the body rather than flaunting shape for
its own sake.
(A) more ergonomic, conforming to the shape of the body rather than flaunting shape
(B) more ergonomic, conformed to the body's shape and not to flaunting shape
(C) ergonomic, more conformed to the shape of the body and not to shape flaunted
(D) ergonomic, conforming more to the body's shape rather than shape flaunted
(E) ergonomic, conforming more to the shape of the body than flaunting shape
句子结构：Gone are …; instead, designers… have adopted a style… that is …, conforming to…
rather than flaunting…
That is定语从句修饰单数名词style，并列的现在分词结构conforming to… rather than flaunting…作
状语修饰is more ergonomic。
考点：逻辑表达、平行对称
1) 逻辑表达，原句中的副词位置不能随意改变。
2) 平行对称，选项中如果都包括连接并列成分的连词，如rather than, but, and等，要注意对比各选
项之间并列成分的区别，是否保持了原句要表达的意思。
(A) 正确，conforming… rather than flaunting…是现在分词作状语修饰前面的句子that is more
ergonomic。
(B) 用过去分词conformed表示被动，不符合逻辑意思；and后面的to shape...与to the shape of the
body并列对象错误。
(C) more位置改变，改变了原句意思；rather than连接对象不对称。
(D) more位置改变，改变了原句意思；and后面的to shape...与to the shape of the body并列对象错误。
(E) more位置改变，改变了原句意思；more…than错误搭配改变了原句意思。
32. (26170-!-item-!-188;#058&003042)
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan,
but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the
Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by constructing
(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been
redirected by constructing
(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been
redirected by the construction of
(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by the construction of
(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected
through the construction of
句子结构：… Rivers, flowing…, have been redirected through… so that …
主语是rivers，由现在分词结构flowing…作定语修饰，谓语是have been redirected。
考点：句子结构、有效用词
1) 句子结构，在主从复杂句子中要注意主句和从句的主谓结构是否齐全，常见的错误选项是缺少主
句谓语。
2) 有效用词，by doing与by+noun. 在语法上都正确，但前者强调动作，后者强调结果，在GMAT语
法中，通常是by+noun.是正确表达方式。
(A) but having结构错误；by constructing无法表示结果，而是动作。
(B) originally用过去完成时态错误；by constructing无法表示结果。
(C) 主句主语是rivers，由which引导定语从句修饰，主句缺少谓语。
(D) 主句主语是rivers，由现在分词结构后后置定语修饰，主句缺少谓语。
(E) 正确，flowing…分词作后置定语修饰主语rivers。
33. (26216-!-item-!-188;#058&003085)
Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size and
curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers that show with startling
directness the large-scale geometry of the universe.
(A) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size
and curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(B) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth for gathering information about its
size and also the curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(C) Similar to the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, where they gathered
information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new
observations
(D) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth gathering information about its size
and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations
(E) Just as with the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, gathering information about
its size and curvature of the surface, astronomers have made new observations
句子结构：Like navigators who…, astronomers have made observations that… 比较结构。
Like连接navigators和astronomers对比，现在分词结构gathering…作sailed的伴随状语。
考点：比较
1) 比较，like连接比较对象要对等，just as A do, so B do的固定搭配。
(A) like连接比较对象不对等，navigators与observations。
(B) like连接比较对象不对等，navigators与observations；表目的用不定式优于for doing结构。
(C) 用where引导定语从句改变了原句意思，原句并没有说明gather information是在Earth；similar to
放在句首永远错,应该用Like替换
(D) 正确，navigators与astronomers对比。
(E) just as with搭配错误。
34. (26262-!-item-!-188;#058&003094)
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of
endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.
(A) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these
have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's
(B) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a
pain-relieving effect that is like morphine
(C) hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a
pain-relieving effect like morphine
(D) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they
have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's
(E) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and
these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine
句子结构：Besides adding…, hot sauces stimulate the release of…, just as exercise does, and
these have…
现在分词adding在句首作状语修饰主句主语hot sauces，just as exercises does是比较从句作插入语，
does指代stimulate，these指代endorphins。
考点：指代一致、比较、逻辑表达
1) 指代一致，关于these的指代，有疑问如下。
2) 比较，like比较结构置于句中，比较对象有歧义（详见第29题补充说明）。
3) 逻辑表达，现在分词结构置于句首作状语，其逻辑主语是主句主语。
(A) 正确，these指代endorphins。注意:一个代词可以指代多个名词的时候,优先指代离它近的那个名
词
(B) Like比较结构置于句中，比较对象有歧义；they指代对象不清楚；effect like morphine比较对象不
对等。
(C) they 指代对象不清楚；effect like morphine 比较对象不对等。
(D) 被动语态表达没有必要且 release 不能做 adding 的逻辑主语；they 指代对象不清楚。
(E) release 不能做 adding 的逻辑主语；just as with 搭配错误。
35. (26308-!-item-!-188;#058&003128)
Unlike the steam locomotive, which required an hour or two of firing up before it was possible to
move under its own power, nearly full power could be summoned almost instantly from the cold
engine of a diesel locomotive.
(A) it was possible to move under its own power, nearly full power could be summoned almost
instantly from the cold engine of a diesel locomotive
(B) it was possible to move under its own power, the diesel locomotive's engine, when cold, could
produce nearly full power almost instantly
(C) it could move under its own power, the diesel locomotive could summon nearly full power from a
cold engine almost instantly
(D) moving under its own power, the cold engine of the diesel locomotive could produce nearly full
power almost instantly
(E) moving under its own power, almost instantly a diesel locomotive could summon nearly full
power from a cold engine
句子结构：Unlike the steam locomotive, which…, the diesel locomotive could… 比较结构。
考点：比较、指代一致
1) 比较-unlike，连接比较对象要对等。
2) 指代一致，形式主语it指代了句子的真正主语（真正的主语在句子后部），因为有所指，所以句子
中如果再出现其它有所指的it，就冲突了。
(A) 形式主语it与its指代对象不一致；unlike连接比较对象不对等，locomotive与power。
(B) 形式主语it与its指代对象不一致；unlike连接比较对象不对等，locomotive与engine。
(C) 正确，steam locomotive与diesel locomotive对比，it指代前者。
(D) unlike连接比较对象不对等，locomotive与engine。
(E) before moving…没有表达出原句所要表达的“能够，可能”的意思；almost instantly位置改变，引
起修饰歧义。
36. (26354-!-item-!-188;#058&003133)
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the
biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, and that they were at least 25 million years older than any
similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
(A) and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously
(B) and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that
previously was
(C) and the fossils are at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur types that previously
were
(D) fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously
(E) fossils at least 25 million years older than similar dinosaur types previously
句子结构：A group of… announced that a site… has yielded fossils of…, fossils that…
That引导宾语从句，说明announce的内容，fossile that…是前面fossils的同位语。
考点：指代一致、比较
1) 指代一致，they指代复数名词必须清楚单一，有多个复数名词时，尽量避免使用代词指代，以防
止歧义。
2) 比较-比较对象对等，compare, like等词连接比较相同对象时，要由that或those指代，否则会使比
较对象不对等。
(A) they 指代不清楚；过去时态错误，客观描述应该用一般现在时态；fossils than types 比较对象不
对等。
(B) they 指代不清楚。
(C) fossils than types 比较对象不对等。
(D) 正确，fossils that…是同位语，those 指代 fossils。同位语结构避免了 they 代词指代的歧义。
(E) fossils than types 比较对象不对等。
37. (26400-!-item-!-188;#058&003135)
Using technology as new as space-age fabrics and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals,
scientists and historians, in their attempt at cleaning and preserving the American flag that flew over
Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814, are hoping that it will then last another 200 years.
(A) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists and historians, in their attempt at
cleaning and preserving the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814, are
hoping
(B) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists and historians are attempting to
clean and preserve the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814, hoping
(C) and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, an attempt by scientists and historians to
clean and preserve the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814 is being
made in the hope
(D) but also as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, scientists and historians who are
attempting to clean and preserve the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in
1814, hoping
(E) but also as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals, an attempt by scientists and historians
at cleaning and preserving the American flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814 in
hopes
句子结构：Using…, scientists and historians are attempting to clean and preserve… flag that…,
hoping that…
现在分词结构在句首作状语，修饰主句主语scientists and historians，谓语是are attempting，后跟不
定式to clean and preserve…作宾语，hoping…分词结构在句尾作伴随状语。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达
1) 句子结构，当动词在选项中以谓语形式和修饰语成分同时出现时，要特别注意有作修饰语的句子
中是否有主句谓语。
2) 逻辑表达，现在分词结构在句首作状语，其修饰对象（即动作的逻辑主语）是主句主语。
(A) in their attempt at cleaning…名词表达方式不及动词attempt有效，且作为插入语修饰成分，句子
谓语是are hoping that it will…，如果去掉插入语，句子虽然在语法上没有错误，但逻辑表达不清楚，
it的指代也不清楚。
(B) 正确，and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning chemicals与前面对称，hoping…作伴随状语。
(C) 句首的分词结构using修饰an attempt对象错误；被动语态表达罗嗦。
(D) but also没有搭配对象，而且不合原意；主语是scientists and historians由who引导的从句修饰，
句子缺少谓语。
(E) but also没有搭配对象；句首的分词结构using修饰an attempt对象错误；主语是attempt，句子缺
少谓语。
38. (26446-!-item-!-188;#058&003144)
Like those of the African white and black rhinos, the Sumatran rhino has two horns, but the front
one is generally less than a foot long and the second is so small that it often appears to be missing.
(A) Like those of the African white and black rhinos
(B) Similar to that of the African white and black rhinos
(C) Like that of the African white and black rhinos
(D) As with the African white and black rhinos'
(E) Like the African white and black rhinos
句子结构：Like … rhinos, the… rhino has two horns, but the front one is… and the second is so…
that… 比较结构。
考点：比较
1) 比较-like，连接比较对象要对等，注意比较结构中的代词指代问题。
(A) those在句意上指代horns，比较对象不对等。
(B) that没有指代对象。
(C) that没有指代对象。
(D) as with搭配错误，应该是just as…；rhinos’与rhino比较对象不对等。
(E) 正确，like连接两种rhinos对比。
39. (26492-!-item-!-188;#058&003168)
As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful, since it
is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health-related items.
(A) As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
(B) As with the case of traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to have
success
(C) As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful
on-line drugstore
(D) As traditional pharmacies, so on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
(E) Like traditional pharmacies, the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore is prescriptions
句子结构：As is the case with…, prescriptions are… 比较结构。
考点：比较
1) 比较的习惯用法，as be the case (with)…，是prep新出现的固定搭配，是as the case be的倒装
表达，常见的错误用法有：as it be; than be the case; as in/with the case of等。
(A) as it is with…搭配错误，it 无指代，不能指代后面这个句子。
(B) as with the case搭配错误。
(C) 正确，as be the case with…连接比较对象。
(D) 应该是as A do, so B do结构，缺少do。
(E) like连接比较对象不对等，pharmacies和cornerstone。
40. (26538-!-item-!-188;#058&003184)
According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much
that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively
few founding members.
(A) the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being
bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria
(B) the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not as much their being bred for
looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
(C) it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog that they are being
bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
(D) it is not so much that the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is their being bred
for looks or meeting other narrow criteria so much
(E) it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog to be bred for looks or
to meet other narrow criteria
句子结构：According to…, the cause of… is not so much that… as that… 比较结构。
考点：比较、平行对称
1) 比较的习惯用法，not so much that… as that… 与其说…不如说…，形式平行，常见的错误用法
有：not so much their…as much as that; not so as…as much as; not so much… so much as，
且前后不平行。
2) 平行对称，GMAT语法中常见的平行结构混淆选项是形式上平行，但逻辑上修饰对象是错误的，
要从逻辑意思出发，看平行对象是否合理。
(A) 正确，for looks or to meet平行修饰谓语bred，是功能平行而不是形式平行，表示be bred的目的。
(B) not so much their being…as much as that…不平行。
(C) it表语从句用法错误，not so much the cause of…as much as that…不平行；are being bred for
looks or meeting…中的meeting有与being并列的歧义，应该用to meet表示目的。
(D) it表语从句用法错误，第二个is多余，not so much… so much as搭配错误；应该用to meet。
(E) it表语从句用法错误；to be bred和to meet逻辑上不平行；not so much that…搭配不完整。
