说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
1. (24465-!-item-!-188;#058&000982)
To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice
as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them
on special diets.
(A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment
(B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut
(C) growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment
(D) they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment
(E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism） 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1)比较对象必须要概念对等
3) 用and连接的对象必须是平行对象
(A) as fast as的前后是一个动作(are growing)和一个名词(growth rate)进行比较,比较概念不对等
(B)比较概念不对等.后一个分句的allotment cut and raising不对等.
(C) 逻辑意思不正确,原句的意思是供应商养殖鱼类的生长速度和鱼类自然生产速度作比较,该选
项中growing them和growing fish构成平行,将原句的意思更改为供应商养殖鱼类的生长速度和供
应商自然养殖鱼类的速度做比较,
(D) 正确,正确的表现了原句的逻辑意思,既供应商养殖鱼类的生长速度和鱼类自然生产速度作比
较
(E) 后一个分句中and raising them没有平行的对象.
句子结构: To meet…, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as…
补充说明:
1、代词的指代问题: 在OG中经常会认为一个句子中如果出现两个以上上的复数名词,则复数代词
会出现指代不清的错误,然而在实战中是不能仅仅凭这一个准则来判断句子的正误.在指代原则中
有一条就近指代原则:当一个句子中出现两个以上的复数名词时,复数代词优先指代离它近的复数
名词,这条原则用样适用于单数名词.
2、伴随状语的几种表达方式
一、独立主格结构做伴随状语：
独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、
动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成. 独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状
语作用,表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等
1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为:
n．+ n.; n. + -ed/ing 形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语
2)with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
由“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语
可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当
Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the
branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
3)each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed 形式/-ing 形式。
二、分词短语做伴随状语：
现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主
谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义。
例如：
1．“Can't you read？”Mary said angrily pointing to thenotice．玛丽生气地指着通知说：“难道你
不识字吗？”
2．He sent me an e-mail hoping to get further information．他给我发了一封电子邮件，希望得到
更多信息。
3．He hurried to the hall，followed by two guards．他匆忙进了大厅，后面跟着两个警卫。
三、形容词短语做伴随状语：
形容词短语做伴随状语时，通常表状态。例如：
1．Full of apologies，the manager approached us．经理向我们走来，嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。
2．He was too excited，unable to say a word．他太激动了，一句话也说不出来。
3．He stared at the footprint，full offear．他盯着脚印，满心恐惧。
四、单个形容词做伴随状语：
单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态，不表动作。例如：
1．He sat there，silent．他一声不响地坐在那儿。
2．Breathless，she rushed in through the back door．穿过后门，他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。
3．He went to bed，cold and hungry．他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。
2. (24511-!-item-!-188;#058&001020)
Organized in 1966 by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Breeding Bird Survey uses annual
roadside counts along established routes for monitoring of population changes of as many as,
or of more than 250 bird species, including 180 songbirds.
(A) for monitoring of population changes of as many as, or of
(B) to monitor population changes of as many, or
(C) to monitor changes in the populations of
(D) that monitors population changes of
(E) that monitors changes in populations of as many as, or
考点: 有效用词（Diction） 比较（Comparison）
1) 用to do结构表达目的更加有效,实战中用for doing表达目的的选项一般都做为迷惑选项，和to
do进行对比
2) GMAT考试中经常出现将相等比较as...as和more...than...形式比较合并在一起写的错误或者故
意复杂化的表示方法;正确表达应该是:at least as great as或者as great as or greater than，或者
直接用greater than。
(A) 用for doing表示目的不如不定式to do有效.of as many as, or of more than结构复杂笨拙,改为
of as many as or more than更好.
(B) 调换changes和population中心词的位置使得of more than 250 bird species错误的修饰了
changes而不是population;as many结构不完整,应改为of as many as or more than
(C) 正确,用to do 结构有效的表达目的,使用有效的比较结构并且more than正确的修饰了
population
(D) 用that限定从句修饰routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors错误的使用了单数形式,因为that指
代的是routes; changes和population位置互换,犯了B同样的错误
(E) 用that限定从句修饰routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors错误的使用了单数形式,因为that指
代的是routes;
句子结构: Organized in…, the Breeding Bird Survey uses… to monitor…
3. (24557-!-item-!-188;#058&001027)
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their
descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.
(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
(C) In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo,
Brazil,
(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
when
(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside
Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、动词形式（Verb Form）、指代一致（Agreement）
1) 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语
2) it不能指代介词短语, it可以指代主语从句和不定式结构: It is difficult to do this research. It is
important that we finish on time. 在这两个例子中it分别指代to do this research和that从句
3) 现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years…
(A) 正确, after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题; less than 35 years after …符合习惯用法
(B) since releasing放在句首,逻辑主语等于句子的主语their descendants, 不符合逻辑; since是现
在完成时的标志和had migrated矛盾; since的使用不符合习惯用法
(C) since是现在完成时的标志和had migrated矛盾; since的使用不符合习惯用法
(D) it不能指代介词短语from the release…
(E) it不能指代介词短语from the release…
句子结构: Less than 35 years after… their descendants,…, had migrated…
补充说明：
since的四种用法:
(1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
(2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
(3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
(4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
4. (24603-!-item-!-188;#058&001035)
Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects of
harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he predicted in the mid-1890's that
electricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the
streetlights of Paris.
(A) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects
of harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he
(B) The prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power was exciting to Nikola
Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, and so he
(C) Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola
Tesla, the inventor of alternating current,
(D) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, excited about the prospects of harnessing
Niagara Falls for the production of electric power and
(E) The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls
for producing of electric power, Nikola Tesla
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1)用to do结构表达目的更加有效,.
2)合理的布置修饰短成分的位置:当一个句子有较多修饰成分修饰主语时,应该将修饰成分合理的
分布在主语前后,常用的方法是:分词结构,主语,修饰成分1,修饰成分2,谓语……
(A)Nikola Tesla应为句子主语，位置错误; for doing结构表示目的不及to do更有效.
(B) 将the prospects作为主语改变了句子的重心,
(C) 正确, 过去分词结构excited about置于句首作状语修饰主句，谓语为predicted.
(D) for doing结构表示目的不及to do有效; excited about…是形容词结构，如果要与predicted并列
作谓语，需要加系动词be，否则结构不完整。
(E) for doing结构表示目的不及to do有效；excited about…形容词结构作定语修饰主语the
inventer…，而Nikola Tesla与the inventor of…都是主语，重复。
句子结构: Excited about…, Nikola Tesla, 同位语, predicted…
5. (24795-!-item-!-188;#058&001473)
The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service,
announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded operations,
and it grounded twenty-two planes.
(A) closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded
(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded
(D) it closed some unneeded operations and grounded
(E) it was closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 省略: 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become
必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略
2) 两个句子的连接必须用连词或者用分号,用逗号来连接两个句子只能是分句，不是主句
(A) …was eliminating, (was) closing…, and it grounded结构不平行
(B) 正确, was eliminating, (was) closing… and (was) grounding结构平行
(C) was多余,while it结构破坏了平行
(D) 逗号连接announced that it was…和it closed…两个句子,错误
(E) 并列句子之间缺少连词。
句子结构: The airline company, following…, announced that it was eliminating…, closing…, and
grounding…
6. (24841-!-item-!-188;#058&001528)
The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw,
paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded to include
(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded and includes
(C) exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded to include
(D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded to include
(E) exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded and includes
考点:主谓一致辞（Agreement） 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 主谓一致:本句要注意两处主谓一致,一是The list…has been,二是animals that exhibit
2) either…or…结构要平行
(A) that指代animals,因此that从句的谓语应该用复数; either…or…结构中using the right和left
hand不平行
(B) exhibits使用错误导致主谓不一致; and includes和has been平行,共同作为The list的谓语.则该
句子可化为The list… has been expanded the lower vertebrates和The list… includes the lower
vertebrates两个句子,前者明显不通.
(C) either using the right or the left hand结构不平行
(D) 正确, 注意到了两个地方的主谓一致;the right和the left平行且使用to include避免了B选项的
错误
(E) as表示作为…的意思,后面应该接简单名词; either…or结构不平行; has been expanded and
includes改变了原句的意思
句子结构: The list of animals that…has been expanded to…
补充说明:
正确选项D中的for using并不是表示目的的意思,而是preference的固定搭配. 做题时不能看到for
doing就认为错误
7. (24887-!-item-!-188;#058&001530)
Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect
its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.
(A) Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
protect
(B) To obtain an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, and
protect
(C) Having obtained an investment-grade rating will, in keeping the county's future borrowing
costs low, protect
(D) To obtain an investment-grade rating would keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
protecting
(E) Obtaining an investment-grade rating, keeping the county's borrowing costs low, would be
protecting
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 平行结构的最后一个成分之前必须有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as。如:to do A, do
B, do C的表达就是错误的
(A) 正确,动名词结构(Obtaining…)作为主语并且使用了正确的并列结构表示方法
(B) 违反了并列结构的表示方法,and protect中的and多余
(C) having多余，Having obtained不能作为名词结构,因此不能用该结构作主语;第二个分句in
keeping…变成了附属结构,改变了原句的意思
(D) 违反了平行结构的表达方式,protecting应为protect
(E) 结构混乱，语法上obtaining…与keeping…作并列主语，中间缺少连词。;would be protecting
和and increase不平行
句子结构: Obtaining… will keep…, protect…, and increase
8. (24933-!-item-!-188;#058&001582)
The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing
the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.
(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and
考点:主谓一致（Agreement） 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1)bring A with B 和 bring with B A 表达的意思相同
2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词的数的形式由谓语动词后的主语的形式决定。如:out of sth. grows a
market for...(由 a market 决定谓语动词 grows).
(A) from which 的 which 指代 it 即 The Achaemenid empire ，而从逻辑意思上,which 应该指代
script. 根据倒装结构的要求,was 应该用 were
(B) and 错误的将 bringing 和 deriving 并列起来,使得 deriving 后面的结构也成为了主句的伴随状
语,而逻辑上 both the northern and the southern Indian alphabets 是从 script derive 来的.因此导
致逻辑意思错误.
(C) 正确，后半部分是倒装，应该是 both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive
from the Aramaic script
(D) derives 应该改为用复数形式
(E) 犯了同 B 选项相同的逻辑错误
句子结构: The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached…, bringing with it the…
9. (24979-!-item-!-188;#058&001658)
Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that this
robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants.
(A) Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress
(B) Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women had collaborated
to weave a new woolen robe with which to dress
(C) According to records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated
to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress
(D) Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed
(E) Records from ancient Athens indicate each year young Athenian women had collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe for dressing
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、平行对称
（Parallelism）
1) 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语
2) indicate that…and that构成并列的宾语从句
3) 在正式书面语中，宾语从句中的that通常不能省略
(A) young Athenian women作为Based on…的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; 未划线部分的and that从语
法上跟that they used…平行,共同修饰a new woolen robe, 不符合逻辑.
(B) 逻辑主语错误;未划线部分的and that没有并行的对象; 关系代词which后应该接句子,
(C) young Athenian women作为According to…的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑;未划线部分的and that从
语法上跟that they used…平行,共同修饰a new woolen robe, 不符合逻辑
(D) 正确,句首没有使用分词短语,有效的避免的逻辑主语问题;indicate that…and that构成了宾语
从句的并行结构
(E) 未划线部分的and that没有平行的对象;indicate that的that不能省略;for doing表示目的不及to
do有效.
句子结构: Records from… indicate that… and that..
10. (25025-!-item-!-188;#058&001699)
Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness, and voluntary
cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or also with outsiders.
(A) selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the
group or
(B) selfishness, encouraging voluntary cooperation as well, both within the group but
(C) selfishness and also encouraging voluntary cooperation, within the group and
(D) selfishness and they encouraged voluntary cooperation, whether it be within the group or
(E) selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、指代一致（Agreement）
1) not only…but also…连接的对象一定要平行
2) 主动语态优于被动语态
3) 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语.
(A) 使用被动语态(was encouraged…),增加句子的复杂性;whether开头的结构笨拙复杂,且it没有
可以指代的对象.
(B) –ing结构encouraging…作为stigmatized selfness的伴随成分,而从句子的逻辑意思上看,该成
分应该跟stigmatized并列;both…but also结构不符合习惯用法.应该改为not only…but also或者
both…and结构
(C) also encouraging和stigmatized不平行
(D) 并列句主句相同,they应该省略;如果一定要用they的话,and前面必须用逗号隔开,构成一个新
的句子;whether…or also结构笨拙复杂,且it没有可以指代的对象
(E) 正确, encouraged同developed构成并列谓语;not only…but also符合习惯用法
句子结构: Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized…, and encouraged…,
not only with…but also with…
11. (25071-!-item-!-188;#058&001704)
Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial
expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will
empathize with us.
(A) expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating
(B) expressions, then responding to them; primarily to create
(C) expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create
(D) expressions as well as giving a response to them; their primary goal is creation of
(E) expressions and responding to them; primarily, the researchers' goal is creating
考点: 有效用词（Diction） 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、指代一致（Agreement）
1) 指代歧异; 一般来说避免指代歧异的方法有三个: (参考白勇语法)
a)重复代词指代的对象
b)用 such + n.或者指示代词 this/these/those + n.代替代词
c)用一个名词概括代词指代的对象
2) 系表结构也需要概念对等:for example: A is B. 这个句子中A,B概念要对等.例如本题goal is to
create中的goal只能跟to do结构概念对等,因为“目标”只能是去做某事(to do)
3) 分号前后必须连接完整的句子
(A) 第二个分句中的their在逻辑意思上应该指代researchers，与前面出现的代词they指代对象不
一致; goal和creating概念不对等; primarily修饰creating,逻辑意思错误
(B) 分号后面不是一个完整的句子;then是副词,不能连接句子,应该改为and then
(C) 正确, and then respond和can identify并列;重复the researcher消除了指代歧异;goal和to do
概念对等
(D) giving没有平行的对象,且使用give a response不如直接用动词respond简洁有效;goal和
creation概念不对等,“目标”只能是去做某事,而不可能是一个名词“creation”
(E) responding没有平行的对象;primarily位置错误,置于句首则修饰整个句子; goal和creating概念
不对等
句子结构: Japanese researchers are producing … that can identify…and then respond…;
the…goal is to…
12. (25117-!-item-!-188;#058&001707)
In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
(A) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
(B) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold record
exports to Mexico, reducing its trade deficit by $500 million.
(C) When compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States
sold record exports to Mexico, reducing their trade deficit by $500 million.
(D) Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing the trade deficit by $500 million.
(E) Compared to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States record
exports to Mexico caused a $500 million decline in the trade deficit with that country.
考点: 比较（Comparison）
1) 比较结构中比较双方概念要对等:在比较结构中,比如in contrast with, in contrast to, compared
with, compare to等类似的结构,比较的双方必须概念对等.但要注意contrary to放在句首,后面必须
加上idea, belief等抽象名词修饰主句,不存在比较双方的问题. 例: Contrary to popular belief,
victors in the ancient Greek Olympic Games received cash prizes in addition to their laurel
wreaths.
(A) 正确, in contrast to比较的对象imbalances和trade deficit概念对等
(B) imbalances和United States概念不对等
(C) compared with的比较对象imbalances和United States概念不对等
(D) compared with的比较对象imbalances和United States概念不对等
(E) compared with的比较对象imbalances和United States record exports概念不对等,且后半句结
构笨拙复杂.
句子结构: In contrast to…, the United States trade deficit… declined…
13. (25163-!-item-!-188;#058&001734)
Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until the last day scheduled to
collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package even if they
find a new job before they are terminated.
(A) the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its
severance package
(B) the last day they are scheduled to collect, workers are eligible for the automobile company's
severance package
(C) their last scheduled day to collect, the automobile company offers its severance package to
workers
(D) their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is
available to workers
(E) the last day that they are scheduled to collect, the automobile company's severance
package is available to workers
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism） 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 比较的双方要概念对等: unlike和like连接的比较双方一定概念对等
(A) severance packages同workers概念不对等
(B) severance packages同workers概念不对等
(C) severance packages同the automobile company概念不对等
(D) 正确, 比较双方概念对等,
(E) are scheduled to collect的主语只能是packages，但they是指代workers，出现指代错误。
另一种看法:从逻辑上 are scheduled to collect 修饰的是 day,而原句中修饰的是 they(works)不
符合逻辑
句子结构:; Unlike most severance packages,…, the automobile company’s severance
package…
原句所要表达的意思：the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are
eligible for its severance package…，scheduled 是分词作 last day 的后置定语，就是公司给员工
安排的最后一个工作日，意思是“终止日期”，packages 要在这一天 collect.
补充说明：
1、severance pay/package：money or other things that you get when you have to leave a
company because your employer no longer has a job for you
2、schedule 的用法：常用被动，sth. be scheduled to…
3、该题曾是 GWD 争议题，在 DE 两选项之间争议。
14. (25209-!-item-!-188;#058&001758)
Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, it must now be
determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past.
(A) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both
increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past
(B) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both
increase profits and must compete more effectively than in the past for customers
(C) the airline's board of directors must now determine both how to make the airline increase
profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past
(D) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits
and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past
(E) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits
and also how to make it compete more effectively than in the past for customers
考点: 指代一致（Agreement） 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语
2) 形式主语it的使用: it作为形式主语,指代主语从句(it is exciting that I ...)或者不定式短语(it is
difficult to do...)
3) both…and…结构必须要平行
4) 修饰成分要尽量靠近修饰对象，以避免产生修饰歧义。
(A) 不符合形式主语的使用规则,how前面要加上that,构成it is… that型主语从句; it没有指代对象
且不能作为having finally reached的逻辑主语; they没有指代对象,应该改为it,用来指代the airline.
(B) 不符合形式主语的使用规则; it没有指代对象，且不能作为having finally reached的逻辑主语;
both increase profits and must compete结构不平行; 修饰成分for customers和修饰对象compete
more effectively中间插入了than in the past, 句子不通顺, for customers应该紧接compete more
effectively之后
(C) both how to make the airline increase profits and compete结构不平行; they没有指代对象
(D) 正确, 注意到了逻辑主语的问题; both increase profits and compete结构平行
(E) both increase profits and also how to make结构不平行; for customers应该紧靠compete
more effectively
句子结构: Having finally reached…, the airline’s board…determine how the airline can…and
compete more…than it did in the past.
15. (25405-!-item-!-188;#058&001909)
Even though sub-Saharan Africa often evokes images of drought and famine, researchers say
that the area is the home of more than 2,000 grains, vegetables, roots, fruits, and other foods
that have the possibility for feeding the continent, even other parts of the world.
(A) have the possibility for feeding the continent, even
(B) have the possibility of feeding the continent, even of
(C) could feed the continent, so even with
(D) could feed the continent and even
(E) could possibly feed the continent and, in addition, for even
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 副词不能作连词连接句子。
2) and等连词连接的结构要平行
3) 注意情态动词和其他形容词,副词的语意重复, 如could, may和possibly, perhaps等其他表示可
能性的词语意重复
(A) foods本身是不能拥有possibility的,因此have the possibility使用错误，而且possibility的习惯用
法是跟of doing sth; even是副词,不能作连词
(B) 错误同A选项。
(C) so作为连词表示因此,所以的意思,改变了原意; even with的with没有可以跟它平行的对象,with
应该去掉
(D) 正确, 句子结构简洁意思清晰
(E) could和possibly意思重复; and和in addition意思重复; for even的for没有其他for…结构跟它平
行
句子结构: Even though…, researchers say that the area is the home of… other foods that could
feed…
16. (25451-!-item-!-188;#058&001942)
In her later poems, Phyllis Wheatley's blending of solar imagery, Judeo-Christian thought and
figures, and the images she borrowed from ancient classicism suggesting her range and depth
of influences, not the least of which is her African heritage.
(A) the images she borrowed from ancient classicism suggesting
(B) borrowing images from ancient classicism, suggests
(C) she borrowed images from ancient classicism, which suggests
(D) images borrowed from ancient classicism suggests
(E) images that she borrowed from ancient classicism, suggesting
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction） 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 并列结构中,每个并列成分要概念对等,形式平行
2) 一个正确的句子中,主语和谓语是必不可少的,缺少主语和谓语都会导致句子结构不完整
(A) 没有谓语成分
(B) borrowing images是动名词结构,solar imagery, thought and figures是名词结构,整个并列结构
形式不平行
(C) 并列结构不平行:she borrowed跟solar imagery, thought and figures形式上不平行
(D) 正确, 主语是blending, 谓语是suggests. 并列结构中B由一个小并列成分构成:
Judeo-Christian thought and figures
(E) 没有谓语成分
句子结构: In…, Phyllis Wheatley’s blending of A, B and C suggests… 主语是blending, 谓语是
suggests. 并列结构中B由一个小并列成分构成:Judeo-Christian thought and figures
17. (25497-!-item-!-188;#058&001948)
Rejecting the apprenticeship model of training social workers in philanthropic agencies,
twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced of social work education belonging in
the university so that students could be offered a broad range of courses dealing with social
issues.
(A) of social work education belonging in the university so that
(B) that social work education should be in the university, and that
(C) about the importance of social work education belonging in the university while
(D) that social work education belonged in the university, where
(E) of the necessity of social work education being in the university and
考点: 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 宾语从句强调整体, 谓语+宾语结构只强调宾语，是GMAT中常见的混淆选项。
2) 介词不能引导句子
(A) convinced of social work education结构只强调了social work education,没有强调convinced
的完整内容
(B) should be in意思模糊, 无法表示出”属于”的意思; and that从语法上跟convinced that平行,但
是从逻辑上and that后面的内容应该修饰university
(C) 句子结构复杂,且about无法有效地引导convinced的内容
(D) 正确, 用that从句能有效的表现convinced的内容; where清晰的表现了university和students的
关系
(E) of结构无法有效地引导convinced的内容,而且of作为介词,不能引导句子,因此was convinced
of … and students could…使用错误；and后面的句子没有平行对象。
句子结构: Rejecting the…, twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced that…
补充说明:
GMAT一个常见的错误就是把一个完整的概念用一个名词来代替,造成对概念的解释不完整或引
起结构的复杂. 这种错误常出现在宾语从句和that引导的同位语从句中:
that引导同位语:
Scientists find a result that rats will demonstrate some interesting behaviors.
用名词来代替会变成:
Scientist find a result of rats that will demonstrate some interesting behaviors. (解释不完全)
或Scientist find a result of rats as demonstrating some interesting behaviors.(结构笨拙,复杂)
宾语从句:
…revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling…
用名词来代替:
…revealed creatures of the seabed that…(解释不完全)
…revealed creatures of the seabed’s suffering…(结构笨拙,复杂)
解决这两种问题的方法就是用 that 从句引导句子,简化结构,并能够进行完整的解释
18. (25543-!-item-!-188;#058&001954) [OG原题，OG10-AWA-OG：第41题
Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal
style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
his own.
(A) were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many
musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(B) influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis
Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(C) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also inspirational to many musicians,
that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was different significantly in
comparison to
(D) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who
included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when
compared to
(E) were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many
musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was significantly different
from that of
考点: 句子结构（Grammtical Construction） 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construcion）
1) 能用动词表达的,就尽量不要用动名词和形容词来表达
2) 限定性从句和非限定性从句: 限定性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定作用,与先行词有着不可分
割的联系,它的前面通常没有逗号;非限定性定语从句与它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,通常
用逗号将它与主句隔开
(A) were influential不如influenced简洁,also an inspiration不如inspired简洁;that included应该用
which或者who代替,改为非限定从句; whose repertory和were influential主谓不一致
(B) 正确, 使用动词influenced和inspired表达更加有效
(C) 形容词influential和inspirational不如动词简洁; was also inspirational不如inspired有效; be
different in comparison to不符合习惯用法,应该改为be different from
(D) 形容词influential和inspirational不如动词简洁,D选项中的the music of whom不如whose
music简洁.
(E) were and influence不如influenced简洁, was also an inspiration不如inspired简洁; from that of
和his own意思重复
句子结构: Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, … ,influenced…, also inspired
many musicians, including…
OG10解释：
B, the best choice, is idiomatic, clear, and without agreement errors or redundancy.
In A and E, the phrases were influential on and were an influence on are not idiomatic and
furthermore could be replaced by the more direct influenced. In A, that included Elvis Presley
and Jerry Garcia improperly modifies many musicians. In E, the construction different from that
of his own is confusing since there is no referent for that: different from his own makes a logical
comparison.
Both C and D begin with the singular was; the compound subject of this verb is plural: repertory,
views on musical collaboration, and vocal style. Both choices also may be faulted for wordiness
and redundancy in their use of was different significantly in comparison to and differed
significantly when compared to. In C, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia improperly
modifies many musicians. Finally, the music of whom in D is cumbersome and stilted.
19. (25589-!-item-!-188;#058&002028)
Although unhappy with the high rent her company was paying for its suburban office building,
the chief executive recognized rental rates for buildings in the suburbs as far lower than it
typically is for property that is located within the city limits.
(A) rental rates for buildings in the suburbs as far lower than it typically is for property that is
located within the city limits
(B) rental rates for buildings in the suburbs as being far lower than what the rates typically
charged within the city limits had been for property located there
(C) rental rates typically being charged for property located within the city limits to be far lower
as they typically were within the city limits for the property there
(D) that rental rates for buildings in the suburbs were far lower than rental rates typically being
charged within the city limits for property located there
(E) that rental rates for buildings in the suburbs were far lower than those typically charged for
property located within the city limits
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、比较（Comparison）
1) 宾语从句强调整体, 谓语+宾语结构只强调宾语 参考17题
2) 对比对象中出现的重复名词用that或those代替,而不能用it来指代. that代替前面出现的单数名
词,those代替前面出现的复数名词
3) 修饰成分应该尽量紧靠修饰对象
4) being的错误使用: 以下几种表达中being属于多余
a) being + n. b) being + adj. c) as being + n./adj./v-ing
(A) 用名词结构rental rates for…as…代替that从句,使得句子结构复杂,混乱; it没有指代
(B) 句子结构混乱;what多余;for property located离修饰对象charged太远
(C) 句子结构混乱;being 多余;lower as 应该改为 lower than; they 应该改为 those
(D) being多余,for property located应该紧靠charged
(E) 正确, 使用that从句来表现recognized的全部内容;those指代前面出现的rental rates表达正确,
for property located紧靠修饰对象charged,使得句子意思表达清晰
句子结构: Although unhappy…, the chief executive recognized that rental rates… were far lower
than those…
20. (25635-!-item-!-188;#058&002069)
The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh
behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous
fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and
play dead.
(A) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but,
having no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(B) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes,
but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(D) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(E) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction） 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 副词不能当作连词使用
2) 并列结构中最后一个并列成分应该用and连接,如果只有两个并列成分,则只能用and等连词连
接
3) 并列结构中,每个并列成分要概念对等,形式平行
(A) broadens和hissing, feigning形式不对等, 并且feigning前面必须加上and; eventually是副词,
不能连接两个句子,必须加上and.
(B) broadens…and feigns和hissing形式不对等; eventually是副词,不能连接两个句子,必须加上
and
(C) 正确, 使用伴随状语broadening…and feigning…作为伴随成分修饰主句,和hissing构成并列
结构;用and连接两个句子,表达正确
(D) broadening和feigns不平行
(E) feigning前面必须有连词and连接,不能用逗号连接
句子结构: The hognose snake puts on… hissing…, broadening…, feigning…, but it has no…
and no, and,...,…, will fall over and play dead.
