说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
221. (GWD-7-Q2)
The first commercially successful drama to depict Black family life sympathetically and the first play by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway, it was Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun that won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1959, and was later made into both a film and a musical.
A. it was Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun that won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1959, and was later made
B. in 1959 A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and was later made
C. Lorraine Hansberry won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for A Raisin in the Sun in 1959, and it was later made
D. Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1959 and was later made
E. A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1959, and later made it
题目释义：The first drama……，CH’s A Raisin in the Sun won……and was later made……
考点：
1. 同位语要能够互相解释，且中间尽量不能隔开。
2. 平行结构
选项分析：
A. drama和play是句子主语的同位语，所以it不对(it是强调句的引导词，无指代)；and was与it was并列，而不是与that won并列，除非去掉and前面的逗号，并改为and that was。
B. in 1959隔开了同位语drama and play和A Raisin in the Sun。
C. drama and play不能成为Lorraine Hansberry的同位语；it指代不清晰。
D. Correct。
E. A Raisin in the Sun不能把自己变为电影和音乐剧，因此make需要用被动，it无所指。
222. (GWD-12-Q14)
In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice the numbers of trucks alone came off the assembly lines.
A. the numbers of trucks alone
B. that number of trucks alone
C. the number of trucks by themselves
D. as many trucks themselves (B)
E. as many trucks by themselves
题目释义：In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were……，but in 1929 almost twice that number of trucks……
1914年cars和trucks共制造了469000辆，而在1929年仅trucks单独就有原来总数两倍那么多从组装线上下线。
考点：
1． twice只能作副词, 在句子中表达的意思却是比较, 这样的题目, 首先要弄清楚比较的双方是否合理, 如果合理的话, 再看twice作为副词的位置: 可以用在as..as或比较级之前, 也可以放在比较点的名词之前, 担要保证twice前后的词要能直接搭配(副词的作用).eg: He is twice the man he was. = He has twice the strength he had =He is twice as strong as he was.
2． Number的用法：a number of（大量的），the number of（……的数量），numbers of （许多）。详见新prep1-209（笔记P43）
选项分析：
A. the numbers错误，twice后面要跟单数的number，即twice the number；但是改为the number后，指代特定的数字还是用that number更为明确
B. Correct；that number指代前面总和的469000，如果是the number，没有指代对象，似乎说是the number of trucks
C. the number指代不清；by themselves是指卡车出售时没有附带配件，即单车出售，与alone意思并不相同。
D. 用as many trucks时，整个句子的意思是“1914年汽车和卡车一共生产了469,000辆，而1929年两倍的卡车下了生产线”，句子前后并没有直接逻辑联系，前面句子并没有讲卡车有多少辆；trucks themselves这样的结构（X itself）中，themselves反身代词是对trucks的同位语，表示强调是trucks而已，我们往往可以看作没有反身代词，就如同同位语往往与句子主成份无关一样。
E. as many trucks错误同D；by themselves错误同C
223. (T-4-Q16)
Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.
A. though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population
B. though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population
C. though some protective measures, such as establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries having been taken decades ago, great population increases
D. with some protective measures, like establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries that were taken decades ago, great increases in population
E. with some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great population increases
题目释义：Humans have been damaging……，and though some protective measures……were taken……，great increases……are causing……
考点：
1. like只表示比较，不表示举例，举例用such as。
2. though引导让步状语从句，其后面跟完整句子。
选项分析：
A. like用法错误；though引导的不是一个完整的句子。
B. Correct；measure与名词the establishment搭配是最合适的，都描述一个方法，与establishing搭配不好。
C. Such as后的两个对象不平行；though引导的不是一个完整的句子；great population increases与and in the intensity不平行。
D. Like用法错误；with引导的是介宾短语做attributive phrase修饰increases，逻辑不合理。
E. 后半个句子中，分句和主句是转折关系，用with来引导伴随状语逻辑上不合理；great population increases与and in the intensity不平行。
补充说明：
1. with复合结构的用法: with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。
（1）With+宾语+介词短语
（2）with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系)
（3）with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系)
（4）with+宾语+todo(不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义)
（5）with+宾语+形容词/副词
（6）with复合结构的作用
224. (GWD-8-Q17)
Fossils of a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have been recovered by paleontologists.
A. that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have
B. that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and then was subsequently butchered by hominids has
C. that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago, which was subsequently butchered by hominids, has
D. having been beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and subsequently butchered by hominids, have
E. having beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and then subsequently were butchered by hominids have
题目释义：Fossils of a whale that beached … and was subsequently butchered ... have been recovered ….
主语Fossils，谓语have been recovered，that从句修饰whale，其中beached和was subsequently butchered并列
考点：
主谓一致 题目释义 平行对称
1.现在分词的完成式having done不做后置定语
选项分析：
A. Correct，用定语从句来表示过去时比用分词形式好。
B. has与主语Fossils不一致；then与subsequently重复。
C. has与主语Fossils不一致；which非限定性修饰whale错误，应该用非限定性修饰。
D. having been beached，现在分词的完成式having done不做限定性修饰，只能做非限定性修饰，而且限定性的having been down往往可以用done替代；been beached用了被动语态错误
E. having beached，现在分词的完成式having done不做限定性修饰；having beached与were butchered不平行；then与subsequently重复。
225. (GWD-3-Q39)
Minivans carry as many as seven passengers, and compared with sport utility vehicles, most cost less, get better gas mileage, and make it easy for passengers to get in and out, and have a smoother, more car-like ride.
A. and make it easy for passengers to get in and out
B. and allow passengers to get in and out easily
C. and allow passengers to get in and out more easily
D. make it easier for passengers when getting in and out
E. allow passengers to get in and out more easily
题目释义：Minivans [carry …,] and [compared with sport utility vehicles, most cost …, get better …, allow …, and have …]
两个分句的平行：第一个分句主语minivans，第二个分句主语most，指代minivans；compared with sport utility vehicles，做状语修饰其后面的分句。
考点：
平行对称 逻辑含义
1. 一组元素平行时，必须并且仅在最后一个元素前加and。
选项分析：
A. 划线部分第一个and破坏了平行结构，这组平行的最后一个元素是have a smoother, more car-like ride；划线部分的easy没有比较级，也是破坏了平行；make it easier for passengers结构不如E简洁。
B. 划线部分第一个and破坏了平行结构，这组平行的最后一个元素是have a smoother, more car-like ride；划线部分的easy没有比较级，也是破坏了平行。
C. 划线部分第一个and破坏了平行结构。
D. it指代不清，make it easier for passengers结构不如E简洁。
E. Correct。
补充说明：
make与allow是同义词，在本题的语境下可以互换使用，只是allow sb. to do sth. easily比make it easy for sb. to do sth.简洁，前者不需要用到形式宾语it来指代to do sth.：
(1) make：to cause something to happen, or cause a particular state or condition
make sth difficult/easy/possible etc
The use of computers has made it possible for more people to work from home.
(2) allow：to make it possible for something to happen or for someone to do something, especially something helpful or useful
allow sb to do sth
A 24-hour ceasefire allowed the two armies to reach an agreement.
类似例题链接1：
prep1-247, GWD-3-Q39
Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride.
A. Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less,
B. Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, they cost less,
C. Minivans carry as many as seven passengers, in comparison with most sport utility vehicles, and have a lower cost, they
D. Minivans, carrying as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less,
E. Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles the cost is lower, and they
Key：A
虽然是相似题，但是句子结构因为most位置的改变(从cost前移到了”sport utility vehicles”前)而发生了改变，句子的谓语变成了，一个动词与另外四个相同意群的动词并列，compared with结构由and隔开，作状语向后修饰。具体解析见prep1-247。
类似例题链接2：
OG12－134
Recently implemented “shift-work equations” based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.
(A) fatigue among shift workers, and have raised
(B) fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(C) and fatigue among shift workers while raising
(D) lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising
key: C
226. (GWD-4-34) (OG12-28)
Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.
A. based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting
B. based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of
C. and basing it on the cultivation of crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and the exploiting of
D. and they based it on their cultivation of crops such as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and exploiting
E. and they based it on their cultivating such crops like corn and beans, their harvest of fish and shellfish, and they exploited
题目释义：Building on …, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of …, the harvesting of …, and the exploitation of …
based on从句修饰elaborate society； the cultivation of …, the harvesting of …, and the exploitation of …
考点：
习惯用语（Diction）; 平行结构（Parallelism）
1. 只有such …as…表示举例，没有such…like或者用like来举例。
选项分析：
(A) such…like搭配错误，表示列举要用such…as；cultivating…, the harvesting of…, and exploiting…中the harvesting of不平行；。
(B) Correct；harvest做名词时有三个意思：收获、产量、成果，harvesting仅有收获的意思，从OG12的解释中看来，GMAT并没有区分harvest与harvesting，两者都可。
(C) such…like搭配错误；第一个and之后缺少动词，使得and前后无法平行；the cultivation…, harvesting…, the exploiting不平行。
(D) their cultivation…, the harvest…, and exploiting…不平行；没有必要新开一个分句，显得很累赘。
(E) based it on “their cultivating”表达拙劣(介词+one’s doing往往是很拙劣的表达)；such…like错误；句式结构在本选项里变为了the Mochica developed…, and they basaed on…, their harvest … and they exploited的平行，但是既然四个结构里面三个补出了and，在their harvest前面也应该补出and，但即便补出了，their harvest也仅仅是一个名词，与其他三者不平行；这样的平行结构，逻辑上也不太合理。
补充说明：
1. 词义辨析：
harvest与harvesting有重叠意义：
harvest: the act, process, or occasion of gathering a crop
harvesting: Synonyms HARVEST 1, cropping, gathering, ingathering, reaping
2. OG12-28的解释：
Diction; Parallelism
The sentence describes the elaborate society of the Mochica with a series of three features, the first of which contains an example. The three features must be presented in parallel structures—e.g., cultivating, harvesting, and exploiting. The use of such to introduce the examples of crops requires that the comparison be completed with as instead of like.
A. The second item in the series violates the parallelism required for the series; like is the incorrect word to complete the introduction of examples.
B. Correct. The three items in the series are in parallel form, and such crops is correctly followed by as.
C. And basing it on … must come before the main verb in order to make this version a complete sentence.
D. The items in the description of the society are not in parallel form.
E. Like is the wrong word to introduce the examples; based it on their cultivating such crops … is awkward and wordy; they based is parallel to they exploited, but for this sentence to work, and would have to be inserted before their harvest of fish.
Th e correct answer is B.
类似例题链接：
关于动名词的平行
OG12-130
One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.
(A) lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,
(B) a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,
(C) a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,
(D) interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation,
(E) interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with
key： B
Parallelism; Diction
The sentence uses parallel structure to describe the anticipated effects of a drop in oil prices. Parallel noun phrases list two eff ects, a rally … and a weakening, so the first effect in the series must be written as a lowering. Lowering is a participle, whereas a lowering is a gerund and functions as a noun. For the sake of both clarity and conciseness, the effects on interest rates and fears should be combined into a single noun
phrase: a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation.
A Each noun in the parallel series should be introduced by the indefinite article a; lowering, a verb form, needs to be made into the noun a lowering; rates and fears should be combined.
B Correct. The series a lowering … a rally … and a weakening uses parallel structure correctly; a lowering of interest rates and of fears gracefully combines two effects in this sentence.
C Parallelism is maintained with a lowering, but the use of along with makes it unclear that fears is parallel to rates.
D Parallelism is not maintained due to use of along with as in the previous option; the phrase interest rates being lowered is awkward.
E Parallelism is not maintained; the phrase interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered is awkward.
The correct answer is B.
OG10-62
Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth's crust, changing the measured strain across a fault zone, and varying the electrical properties of underground rocks.
(A) changing the measured strain across a fault zone and varying
(B) changing measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and varying
(C) changing the strain as measured across a fault zone, and variations of
(D) changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in
(E) changes in measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and variations among
Answer to Question 62
D, the best choice, describes the warning signs in parallel phrases. Despite surface appearances, the nouns changes and variations are parallel with tilting, but the verbal forms changing and varying in A, B, and C are not: tilting, one of the deformations of the Earth's crust, is used here as a noun that is parallel to fluctuations, whereas changing and varying are used as verbs indicating some action undertaken.
Moreover, these verbs are used incorrectly because the sentence mentions no subject that is performing these actions. B and E illogically state that it is not the strain but the measurements that portend danger, and among in E wrongly suggests a comparison of different electrical properties rather than of different behaviors of the same properties.
227. (GWD-7-Q3)
The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room.
A. rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
B. rules with the intent of ensuring one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients to be put through triage in a hospital emergency room
C. rules intending to ensure at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room put through triage
D. with the intent of ensuring that at least one nurse should be assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room that are put through triage
E. and this is intended to ensure one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
题目释义：The state has proposed new rules that …, rules intended to ensure that …
第二个rules做第一个rules的同位语。
考点：
题目释义 有效用词
1. 有效用词
(1) intend的固定搭配： à intend的动作发出者必须是生物。
intend somebody/something to do sth.
I didn't intend her to see the painting until it was finished.
I never intended things to turn out the way they did.
intend to do/doing sth. （后面跟to do和ing都可以）
intend that
be intended to do sth.：被用来做某事
be intended for somebody/something：表示书、电影、药品等专为…而设计或制造。
(2) intent的固定搭配：
noun. with intent (to do sth) à 注意intent前没有the
He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery.
intent of doing
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.
adj. be intent on/upon (doing) sth： to be determined to do something or achieve something
She was intent on pursuing a career in business.
intent on/upon à专注于
Intent upon her work, she didn't notice the cold.
(3) intention of doing sth. / intention to do sth. à GMAT中通常不用intention to do sth.而只用intention of doing sth.
额外注意点(from longman)：
!! Do not say 'have no intention to do something' or 'not have the slightest intention to do something'. Say have no intention of doing something or not have the slightest intention of doing something : He had no intention of paying me the money.
!! Do not say 'with the intention to do something'. Say with the intention of doing something : He left Manchester with the intention of finding a job in London.
(4) ensure的固定搭配：
ensure + n.
ensure + that (后面直接跟陈述语气，不跟should be)
错误：ensure sb. to do sth.
2. 同位语结构的形式: (参考白勇语法)
1)名词性同位语, 名词解释名词:
n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n.
2) that引导同位语结构:
抽象名词(evidence, result, principle等等) + that从句, that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释
3)概括性同位语结构:
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象; 短语/句子, a program/ an advance/ a practice that…
4)名词重复性同位语结构:
n. , n.(重复所修饰的名词) + that… 或 n. , the same n.(重复所修饰的名词) that…
选项分析：
A. Correct；“four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room”在医院急救室里被分为不同类的病人。
B. ensure sth. / ensure that svo. 无ensure sb. to do/be done的用法；at least修饰对象错误；to be put through含义错误，分配护士的时候，病人应该是已经被分过级了，所以应该直接用put(过去分词)。
C. intending是rules的作者发出的而非rules，只能用A的intended to；ensure后面的宾语从句引导词that需要补出以使句式更为明晰；put through triage是紧随修饰patients的，不能被地点状语in a hospital emergency room隔开。
D. with the intent做伴随状语修饰前面的分句，逻辑主语不管为rules还是state都错误；with the intent to do sth.固定搭配；ensure已经有should的意思，后面不能用should be；that are put through triage修饰对象错误。
E. this不能指代前句；ensure sth. / ensure that svo. 无ensure sb. to do/be done的用法。
类似例题链接：
1. Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.
(A) with the intention
(B) the intention of which is
(C) intended
(D) and intending
(E) so intended as
A. with the intention to do sth.用法错误，其修饰对象也是allocators，而不是portfolios 。
B. which指代不清。
C. Correct；这里的intended to是要修饰portforlios，中间的often in the form of mutual funds是插入成分，prep中有很多这样的句子，搞一个插入成分把补语和所要修饰的词拆开迷惑人。
2. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
KEY: C
3. prep2-128.
A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that its manufacturers list children's doses on the label.
(A) drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must
(B) drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well
(C) drug intended for use by both adults and children
(D) drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must
(E) drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must
A. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，GMAT中mandate/order/suggest that somebody do something的结构，do要求使用原型，且动词do前面不加should、must等助动词和情态动词；both… and连接对象不平行。
B. Whose use is for…表达笨拙；as well的语义与and不同，drugs for adults and children as well，词组的重心和表达含义的重点在于药物适用于成人，同样适于儿童只是一个补充信息，而句子原意要表达的是同样适用于成人和儿童的药。
C. 正确
D. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and also搭配错误。
E. must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and连接对象不平行。
228. (GWD-5-Q1)
So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry, and her lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent, Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
A. and her lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent,
B. and lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent, so that
C. her lobbying for wage and hour reform persistent, that
D. lobbying for wage and hour reform was so persistent,
E. so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform, that
题目释义：So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations …, so persistent …, that …
考点：
平行结构 习惯用语
选项分析：
A. 尾三词，没有呼应so…that结构；划线部分与前面so…industry不平行。
B. so…so that搭配错误。
C. 划线部分与前面so…industry不平行。
D. 尾三词，没有呼应so…that结构；划线部分与前面so…industry不平行；缺少连词，一个句子两个be动词，run-on sentence。
E. Correct；本题主在考so…that…的倒装；详见补充说明。
补充说明：
原文：NYtimes November 14, 1993
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D81E3AF937A25752C1A965958260
So dogged were her investigations of the garment industry, and so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform, that she was first recruited by Gov. Al Smith, and later by Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt, to work within New York State government, rather than against it.
第一种解释：省略结构（和原文结构相同）
两个并列分句中，当谓语动词为系动词或者become时，后面一句一定要省略。并且and一并省略。
还原倒装：Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry were so dogged, her lobbying for wage and hour reform (was) so persistent, that Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
第二种解释：独立结构（诸多NN支持版本，推荐）
独立结构：名/代+形/副/介/分/不定式
So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry{, so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform, }that Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
So..that..是个很完美的结构， so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform前面的and去掉了，说明并不是与前面的So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry做并列成分,而是做从属伴随成分(独立主格)，是So dogged…的详细说明.但同时因为两者都是recruited Perkins的原因，所以应该用相同结构。
C里面也是独立主格，伴随修饰前半个分句，错误的原因就在于并没有表示出her lobbying for wage and hour reform persistent也是recruited的原因之一。即便是分句，后面有了that，那么so that结构应该完整。
229. (GWD-6-Q18)
In California today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
A. In California today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
B. Of the Californians under the age of eighteen, today more than 43 percent of them are Hispanic, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
C. Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
D. Today, compared to a decade ago, Californians who are Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, whereas it was about 35 percent.
E. Today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen in California account for more than 43 percent, unlike a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
题目释义：Today, more than 43 percent of Californians …, compared with ….
考点：
对比结构 逻辑表达
1. 数词做指代。
2. compared with做比较。
选项分析：
A. 43 percent 与35 percent无所指，数词单独做指代与many的原理近似（也可以看作43 percent 与35 percent后面省略的内容不明）；compared with修饰对象不明，主句中没有成分可以与a decade ago对应，根据逻辑意思重点应该是more than 43 percent与35 percent的对比；指代错误，it指代不明。
B. 43 percent of them与of the Californians重复；it无所指；根据逻辑含义，最合理的是43 percent与35 percent的对比，而不是today与a decade ago的对比。
C. Correct；compared with后面跟的是35 percent，其实可以直接选了。
D. Compared to修饰不清，可以修饰today，也可以修饰主句；43 percent与35 percent无所指；it无所指。
E. 43 percent与35 percent无所指；it无所指；unlike a decade ago修饰的是Hispanics，比较对象不对等；最合理的是43 percent与35 percent的对比，而不是today与a decade ago的对比。
补充说明：
1. E中的today和a decade ago比较
today可以是adverb, 可以是noun
E中的today明显是adverb.
Like做对比时要接noun (phrase), 而a decade ago只能是adverb phrase. 所以like a decade ago本身就是错(我search了所有的OG/Prep题, 也没有一题是有"like X ago").
2. Like做对比时的位置: 1. X, like Y, V+O; 2. Like Y, X+V+O; 3. X+V+O, like Y. 所有对比的对象都是X。
3. 正确选项改变题目原意的问题：
GMAT中改变原意只是相对性错误，不能做为判断的第一标准，只有在各个选项都没有明显语法错误的时候才考虑改变原意的问题，本题中诸多错误的等级都是远高于改变原意的。在OG和PREP中改变原意的正确选项也多次出现。
230. (GWD-8-Q32)
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for
B. which includes the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and declining sales of
C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales for
题目释义：…, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges …, among them …and….
考点：
简洁有效 代词指代 习惯用语
1. 简洁有效，include与among意思重复。
2. 代词指代，GMAT中为避免指代的歧义与模糊，this/that/these/those通常都不单独指代(注意有例外，具体见补充说明)。
3. 习惯用语：
sales of正确，意思为“xx的销量”，没有sales for一说。
threat of +抽象概念(xx的威胁)，threat from+sb.(来自某人的威胁)
选项分析：
A. ① include与among them意思重复；②尾三词的sales for不是正确的习惯用语，只有sales of；③ threat of +抽象概念，threat from+sb，suit是抽象概念，所以应该用threat of；④declining sales for应为decline in sales of…才能和前面的the threat of 逻辑含义上平行àboth are unfavorable things。
B. 定语从句中谓语动词用了单数形式includes，所以which就近修饰了company，逻辑错误；同A的④。
C. 同A的②③④；among these错误，these不能做direct object，应该用among them；as well as错误，两件平行的事情被分了主次。
D. Correct；平行对称很完美，两组”the [abstract notion] of [concrete business/law concept]”的平行；在本题中including和among them都可以用，但是不能同时使用，否则重复。
E. 同A的②③；among these错误，these不能做direct object，应该用among them；as well as错误，两件平行的事情被分了主次。
补充说明：
1. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of的结构分析：
倒装形式的独立主格结构，实际上是the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of the company’s powerful microprocessor chip among them,倒装可以避免头重脚轻，更重要的是among them中的them离其指代对象challenges更近。
独立主格：among them A and B相当于A and B among them，A and B被倒装移到了后面，是”名词+介词”形式的独立主格。
2. 关于these的单独指代
prep1-34正确答案:
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.
其中these指代endorphins。
OG11-115 错误答案(原句):
George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.
错误原因“A To be is unnecessary; these must be replaced by them”
相关解释：
(1) these不能作direct object(直接宾语)，34中的these是主语, 不是直接宾语
(2) they指代前面出现的对象，these指代离它最近的对象，指代都要满足逻辑符合，主谓一致的要求
综上，prep1-34中用了these是可以的。而本题中these是做among的直接宾语，所以不妥。
类似例题链接：
OG10-79 (these vs. them)
George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be
legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.
(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature: portray these
(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature an portraying them
(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literal; and portray them
(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them
Explanation of Question 79
When the verb consider is used to mean "regard" or "deem," it can be used more economically without the to be of choice A; should be in choice B, as being in choice C, and as if in choice D are used unidiomatically with this sense of consider, and D carries the unwarranted suggestion that Sand is somehow viewing the rural poor hypothetically. Choice E, therefore, is best: each of the other choices inserts an unnecessary, unidiomatic, or misleading phrase before legitimate subjects. Moreover, A and B incorrectly use these rather than them as the pronoun referring to the poor. In C, portraying is not parallel with to consider. Only E has to portray, although not essential, to underscores the parallelism of portray and consider.
231. (T-4-Q3)
Currently 26 billion barrels a year, world consumption of oil is rising at a rate of 2 percent annually.
A. world consumption of oil is rising at a rate of
B. the world is consuming oil at an increasing rate of
C. the world’s oil is being consumed at the increasing rate of
D. the rise in the rate of the world’s oil consumption is
E. oil is consumed by the world at an increasing rate of
题目释义：Currently 26 billion barrels a year, world consumption of oil is rising at …
考点：
题目释义 逻辑表达
1. 同位语要对修饰对象有解释力，Currently 26 billion barrels a year应对其后的主语具有解释力。
2. is rising at a rate of 2 percent annually与at an increasing rate of 2 percent of annually是不同的逻辑概念：前者指以某以2%的稳定速率增长，后者指以一个2%的递增速率(消耗)，后者逻辑上错误。
选项分析：
A. Correct。
B. ①同位语要有解释力，26biliion barrels a year无法解释the world；②改变原意，at an increasing rate of 逻辑错误。
C. ①同位语要有解释力，26billion barrels才能解释oil，26billion barrels a year解释world consumption或者D的the rise。另eg. "50 degrees" would refer to a temperature."2 degrees per century" would refer to a rise/drop/change in temperature ②改变原意，同B。
D. “the rise in X is SPECIFIC NUMBER”是错误的表达，可以说the rise has been extremely rapid。
E. 同C的①②，另被动语态也显得没有必要的冗赘，直接world consumption of oil简洁。
232. (GWD-4-17)
Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined.
A. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its
B. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its
C. many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country and its sales increased dramatically, the restaurant company's
D. having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically, the restaurant company's
E. recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically, the restaurant company's
题目释义：Although the restaurant company has recently added … and its sales have increased … , its sales … have declined.
考点：
题目释义 逻辑表达 平行对称
1. 逻辑主语，prep+doing, svo. doing的逻辑主语等于主句主语。
2. 代词指代，its应该指代the restaurant company
选项分析：
A. Correct。
B. has recently added… and its sales increased时态不平行，发生在同一时间且不同主语的事情应该补全时态，并且前面是has，后面是have，则后面的have绝不可省。
C. its指代模糊；many new restaurants have recently been opened没有体现出动作的发出者，使得句意含糊。
D. having recently add的逻辑主语应该是the restaurant company，但本句成了the restaurant company’s sales；with伴随状语发生时间不定，根据伴随主句的原则，应该是与主句发生时间一致，错误。
E. adding与having逻辑主语成了sales错误；having adding变为adding，having had改为having，时态的更改引起句意的不合理
补充说明：
1. 位于句首的doing的动作发出者或者done的动作承受者，即为该分词的逻辑主语，等于主句主语。
doing…, SVO = S do
done…, SVO = S be done
2. Having done, SVO
非谓语动词的完成式－动词发生在主句前
3. 需要关注逻辑主语的几种短语：
(1) prep+doing, SVO prep=in/by/for/after/in addition to
(2) adj.+prep+n., SVO
233. (GWD-9-Q19)
In many nations, criminal law does not apply to corporations, but in the United States today, a corporation commits a crime whenever one of its employees commits a crime, if the employee acted within the scope of his or her authority and if the corporation benefited as a result.
A. a corporation commits a crime whenever one of its employees commits a crime, if the employee acted
B. a corporation is committing a crime whenever one of its employees committed a crime, if those employees were acting
C. corporations commit a crime whenever one of its employees does, on the condition that the employee acts
D. corporations commit crimes whenever an employee of those corporations commit a crime, if it was while acting
E. the corporation whose employees commit a crime, commits a crime, whenever the employee acted
题目释义：…, but in the United States today, a corporation commits a crime whenever ..., if the employee acted ... and if the corporation benefited …
考点：
平行对称 主谓一致
1. 平行对称，GMAT中未划线部分与划线部分的平行对称多次出现，却也是容易忽略的考点。
选项分析：
A. Correct；虚拟条件句从句+正常语气主句。
B. were acting应为acted，与benefited对应；those无所指，前面是one of its employees；未划线部分的his or her authority说明主语应该是单数。
C. its与其指代对象corporations单复数不一致；on the condition that与后面的if不平行。
D. an employee与commit主谓不一致; an employee of those corporations表达的是一个员工就职于多个公司，逻辑不合理；根据逻辑含义it应该指代crime，acting的逻辑主语是it，不合理，且后面的his or her将无所指。
E. whenever与if不平行，结构复杂明显不如A选项；the employee无法指代employees；全句主谓之间以一个逗号分开，使得句子不完整；the corporation第一次出现不应该用定冠词the；两个commit a crime连用，句式awkward。
补充说明：
可以发现his or her这样的表达在GMAT这样正式的文体中也是接受的。
234. (GWD-3-Q28)
The coyote is one of several recent ecological success stories: along with the white-tailed deer, the moose, and other species that are enlarging their natural domains, they have established themselves as supreme adapters in an era when the capability to adjust to the environmental changes wrought by human beings has created a whole new class of dominant large mammals.
A. they have established themselves as supreme adapters in an era when the capability
B. they have established themselves as being supreme adapters in an era when being able
C. it has established itself as a supreme adapter in an era when to be able
D. it has established itself as being a supreme adapter in an era when its ability
E. it has established itself as a supreme adapter in an era when the ability
题目释义：The coyote is …: along with…, it has established …when the ability …has created …
考点：
主谓一致 准确用词
1. being在GMAT中常常是冗余的，冗余的情况基本是三种：多余、冒充as、冒充to be。
而极少出现的正确being的情况基本集中在两种：被动动名词eg. prep+being+done，进行时的被动语态eg. is being done。
2. 固定搭配：
be able to do
be capable of doing
have ability to do ； ability of sb. to do
have capability to do doing ； capability of sb. to do doing
选项分析：
A. they have错误：句首的coyoto是单数，而且the white-tailed deer与the moose都是单数，所以与他们对应的coyoto也应该是单数形式，并用it指代。
B. ①同上；②as being中being冗余；being able to不如the ability简洁。
C. 虽然不定式能够作为名词结构并作为主语，但后面一般接系动词，而不是has created，且形式上不如the ability简洁。
D. as being中being冗余；由于it指代的the coyote也只是类指，所以its ability显得是具体指代了，illogical。
E. Correct。
补充说明：
类指 — from A Comphrehensive Grammar of English Language：
1、不定冠词类指用法的限制：因为a/an的类指用法指的是某一类中任何一个具有代表性的成员。所以any可以替换a/an。但类指的a/an不能用来表示那些属于整个类别的特性。
如A tiger is becoming almost extinct.是错的，因为extinct是整个老虎类别的特性。
所以只能用The tiger is/Tigers are becoming almost extinct.
2、零冠词的类指用法：其逻辑含义是把类别当作一个无区分的整体。
3、定冠词的类指用法：
（1）与单数名词短语连用：表示一个由典型的样品所代表的那个类别（本题属于这种用法）
（2）与复数名词短语连用：国籍名称、以形容词为中心词指一群人的名词短语(the unemployed)
235. (GWD3-Q22)
On account of a law passed in 1933, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.
A. On account of a law passed in 1933, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold
B. With a law passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold
C. A law passed in 1933 that made it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen holding
D. Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold
E. Due to a law being passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold
题目释义：Because of …, immigrants found that …
考点：
主谓一致 习惯用语 逻辑表达
