说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
121. (30939-!-item-!-188;#058&005937)
Changes in the composition of the light of a supernova--an exploding star--reveals not only the
chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed of expanding the outer layers of stellar gas.
(A) reveals not only the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed of expanding the
outer layers of stellar gas
(B) reveals not only what chemical elements are in the explosion but also the speed at which the
outer layers of stellar gas are expanding
(C) not only reveal the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed of the expanding
outer layers of stellar gas
(D) not only reveal what chemical elements are in the explosion but also the speed of the outer
layers of stellar gas when they are expanding
(E) reveal not only the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed at which the outer
layers of stellar gas are expanding
A. 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式reveal；expanding the outer layers为主动含义的短语，句子
没有提供expanding这一动词含义词汇的逻辑主语，所以此处的用法不合适。
B. 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式reveal；what从句和the speed名词成分不平行。
C. Not only… but also连接对象不平行；the speed of the expanding outer layers of stellar gas的核
心成分是：the speed of layers，由此可以看出，这个词组本身在含义上是不合理的――扩散这
一动作有速度，所以the speed of the expanding是合理的词组，而大气层这一名词不存在速度。
D. Not only… but also连接对象不平行；what从句和the speed名词成分不平行；the speed of the
outer layers of… 的逻辑语义存在问题，同C选项的分析。
E. 正确，the chemical elements和the speed名词结构对称。
句子结构：Changes reveal not only x but also y.为句子主结构。
其中x、y结构平行，含义对称的两个名词成分：the chemical elements 和 the speed.
主谓一致（Agreement）, 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式
2) not only x but also y结构中，x、y要求结构平行，含义对称
补充说明：
SC-GWD测试 题目最主要的考点是平行和主谓一致，掌握这两个考点足以解题
AWA测试 该题在the speed一处存在不少值得考生仔细体会之处
SC-OG：1-20 此处破折号的用法，同本书P2－91题
122. (30985-!-item-!-188;#058&005940)
The features of the floor of the Kasei Valles on Mars look just like those at the base of Antarctic ice
streams, so it suggests that possibly it was flowing ice that carved the giant Martian channels
previously attributed to cataclysmic floods.
(A) so it suggests that possibly it was flowing ice that
(B) a suggestion that flowing ice may have
(C) to suggest flowing ice as possibly having
(D) suggesting that flowing ice may have
(E) which is suggestive of flowing ice having possibly
A. it没有指代对象
B. a suggestion不能概括前句话的含义
C. 不定式使用错误
D. 正确。
E. Which没有指代对象；形容词be suggestive不及动词有效。
句子结构：The features of … look just like those (指代features) at…, suggesting….
前半句描述一个发现或者事实，后半句可以使用伴随状语、同位语等用法，说明该发现或事实的影响、
意义。此句使用的为伴随状语，如果要使用同位语，则为，The features of … look just like those (指
代features) at…, a finding/phenomenon/fact that suggests….
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1. it、which在GMAT中均要求有具体的指代对象，不可以指代整个全句表达的意思
2. 该题涉及了3种语法结构。第一种结构，如选项B，用抽象性名词充当同位语概括前句内容，再
接定语从句修饰同位语、进一步进行具体描述，是GMAT中常出现的句型。使用这种句型，要求
抽象性名词既可以概括前句内容，又可以充当从句的修饰对象。题目前半句描述的是一个事实，
可以用finding/phenomenon/fact等词来概括，但用suggestion概括，语义不恰当。第二种结构，
如C选项，不定式位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开――这种结构是一种错误的结构。不定式在
GMAT中表示两层含义：1）表示目的，要求有合理的逻辑主语，2）表将来。此处不定式的应用
不符合以上情况。第三种结构，如D选项，现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴随状
语。
补充说明
此题部分考生容易错选B选项，认为同位语概括前句这种结构是GMAT优选结构。需要说明的是，这
种结构确实是GMAT的常考内容，也常出现在正确选项当中，但考生不可掉入“凡出现同位语概括前
句结构比为正确选项”的思维定式。一定要阅读和比较其他选项，判断选项语义是否通顺、合理。
123. (31031-!-item-!-188;#058&005972)
Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he
became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins
University.
(A) who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became
(B) having had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds to become
(C) who, having no formal medical training, he struggled against overwhelming odds in becoming
(D) who, having had no formal medical training and struggled against overwhelming odds, became
(E) who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds to become
A. 出现Vivien Thomas和he两个重复的主语
B. 句子没有谓语
C. Who从句内部没有完整的结构，主句出现Vivien Thomas和he两个重复的主语
D. Who成为了became的主语，主句除了主语，其他什么都没有，句子成分不完整
E. 正确。
句子结构：Vivien Thomas, who…, struggled against overwhelming odds to become … and
eventually to receive….
Who引导从句修饰主语Vivien Thomas，struggled作谓语动词，定语从句表示谓语struggled的目的/
结果，to become and eventually to receive平行。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
该题只有一个考点，就是句子的基本结构。
124. (31077-!-item-!-188;#058&006010) [与92题相同，略]
Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be picked
when they are fully ripe, and they remain at peak flavor for only four or five days after that.
(A) Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be
picked
(B) Picking strawberries, unlike picking green bananas that can be ripened artificially, must be done
(C) Unlike bananas, which can be picked green and ripened artificially, strawberries must be picked
(D) Unlike with green bananas, which can be picked and ripened artificially, strawberry picking must
be done
(E) Unlike picking bananas, strawberries cannot be picked green and ripened artificially, but must
be picked
125. (31123-!-item-!-188;#058&006046)
Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton, Abu Ali
al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light
and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on
experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.
(A) al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and
vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on
experiment as well as
(B) al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the
foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on experiment as well
as
(C) al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E. and who experimented extensively with light and vision,
thereby laid the foundation for modern optics and also for the notion that science should be based
on not only experiment but also
(D) al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E. and had experimented extensively with light and vision,
laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on not only
experiment but also
(E) al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimenting extensively with light and vision and
laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion of science being based on experiment as
well as
A. 过去完成时态had experimented使用错误；the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确。
B. 正确。
C. 句子没有谓语；thereby是副词，不能连接句子；who experimented, thereby laid中间缺连词；
not only…but also与介词搭配的用法错误。可以是on not only x but also y, 或者not only on x but
also on y。
D. 过去完成时态had experimented使用错误；not only…but also与介词搭配的用法错误
E. 改变了句子的重心，主句变成：Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E.. 原
句的实义谓语动词成为辅助性的修饰成分。the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确。
句子结构：…, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, …, experimented extensively with light and vision,
laying…
Ranked among… 修饰句子主语，laying the foundation作分词状语表结果。正确的句子中，the
foundation for modern optics and for the notion平行对称，be based on experiment as well as on
arguments平行对称。
动词形式（Verb Form）, 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 过去完成时表示的是过去的过去，需要有明确的时间提示，表明该动作是在过去的某个时点或者
过去的某个动作之前完成的
2) laid the foundation for x and for y，x、y要求平行；science should be based on xx as well as on
yy，xx和yy也要求平行。第二个介词for/on在这样的复杂句中，为了保证比较的清晰、比较对象的
明确，一般情况下不要省略
补充说明
the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确，同样的用法还有a finding of…和a finding that…
在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句可以认为是正确选项的标志。
126. (31217-!-item-!-188;#058&006093)
Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution
personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765 to
1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most valuable
historians of the era.
(A) a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make
(B) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made
(C) a vantage point that combined with her talent for writing, and it made
(D) and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make
(E) and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made
A. to make表将来含义，而句子描述的是过去已经确定的事实，时态含义不符；combining应该
为combined
B. When从句在此句中使用错误，when引起的从句可以作为定语从句或者状语从句。作定语从
句时，要求先行词是表示时间的词或词组；作状语从句要求有动作作为合理的修饰对象。
when…应该置于that之后。
C. and it made在语法上与主句并列，不符合逻辑。
D. and后部分句子结构不完整，缺少谓语。
E. 正确
句子结构：Because…, Mercy Otis Warren was at or near…, and this vantage point, …, made…
该句划线部分以前描述了一个客观事实，这个事实在句中能被a vantage point概括，所以该句划线部
分用同位语加从句 a vantage point that…，是很好的结构，进一步对the vantage point进行解释说明。
而this vantage point同样起到了概括前句事实的效果，用连词and连接两个句子。
补充说明
1) this单独不能指代，但是this/that+名词这种指代方式，也是正确的。类似的用法读者可以参考本
书P2-82题中this person的用法。
2) Vantage point也作vantage，表示：a good position from which you can see something
From my vantage point on the hill, I could see the whole procession.
本题读者比较快应该可以排除BCD三个选项，在剩下两个选项进行比较时，应该仔细考虑它们之
间的差别。如本题AE选项之间的比较，读者应考虑：
a vantage point，是主动发出combining这个动作，还是被combined？
这个vantage point，是“将要”to make, 使得她成为重要的历史人物；还有这个句子陈述历史事实，
这个vantage point在过去已经使得made她成为了重要的历史人物？
通过这两点考虑，我们并不难选出正确答案E。考生一定不可看到a vantage point that…这种结
构，就不假思索的认为这种结构就一定是正确的。实际上，在本书中，出现了类似a vantage point
that…这种同位语结构，但是这种结构并不是正确答案的情况，已经不是第一次出现了。
127. (31359-!-item-!-188;#058&006263)
The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone National
Park's grizzly bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as 40,000 per bear in a single day.
(A) bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as
(B) bears; overturning rocks to find the insects, up to
(C) bears, overturning rocks to find them, as many as
(D) bears, and they overturn rocks to find them, up to
(E) bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as
A. they和them同时指代复数的bears，句子逻辑含义不合理
B. 分号之后的部分为分词结构，不能构成完整的句子
C. them指代bears，句子逻辑含义不合理
D. they和them同时指代复数的bears，句子逻辑含义不合理
E. 正确
句子结构：The army cutworm moth is… bears, which…
如果采用分号（;），分号前后的两个分句都应该是独立完整的句子。如果句子不采用分号，则需要
使用连词连接句子、或构成主从复合句形式、或划线部分为非句子结构。本句可以有多种构造方法，
但在本题的五个选项当中，由于指代错误等原因，只有E选项采用which引起从句的形式是正确的。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 句子划线部分之前出现了两个名词，单数的moth和复数的bears。划线部分要表达bears翻石
头找moths的意思，要正确的指代清楚这两个事物
2) 划线部分不管是采用分号还是构造从句，都要求句子成分完整
128. (31405-!-item-!-188;#058&006278)
A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new drug
that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that its
manufacturers list children's doses on the label.
(A) drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must
(B) drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well
(C) drug intended for use by both adults and children
(D) drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must
(E) drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must
A. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，GMAT中mandate/order/suggest that somebody
do something的结构，do要求使用原型，且动词do前面不加should、must等助动词和情态动词；
both… and连接对象不平行。
B. Whose use is for…表达笨拙；as well的语义与and不同，drugs for adults and children as well，
词组的重心和表达含义的重点在于药物适用于成人，同样适于儿童只是一个补充信息，而句子原
意要表达的是同样适用于成人和儿童的药。
C. 正确
D. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and also搭配错误。
E. must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and连接对象不平行。
句子结构：A… rule mandates that…. 句子划线部分为mandates的宾语从句。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 习惯用语（Idiom）
1) the drug intended for…即可表达句子意思。AD选项采用从句，they没有指代对象
2) be intended for somebody/something为正确的习语，表示书、电影、药品等专为...而设计或制造。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 be intended for something/somebody 字典解释为：to be provided or designed for a particular
purpose or person
The book is intended for children aged 5-7.
The movie is intended for adults.
AWA测试 intended to do something的意思为计划、打算做某事
SC-OG：1-20 as well与and含义的差别，读者可以参考本书P2-57题的解释
129. (31451-!-item-!-188;#058&006301)
Turtles, as with other reptiles, can endure long fasts because they can survive on weekly or even
monthly feedings; however, when food is readily available, they may eat frequently and grow very
fat.
(A) as with other reptiles
(B) as other reptiles are able to
(C) as other reptiles do
(D) like other reptiles
(E) like other reptiles are able to do
A. as with用法错误
B. are able to与can endure不一致
C. do不能指代can
D. 正确
E. Like作介词，不能连句子
句子结构：Turtles, …, can endure…; however, when…, they may eat… and grow…
习惯用语（Idiom）
1) 在表示“相似”的含义时，like是介词，后面接名词或名词性词组，修饰主语；as是连词，后面接句
子，作方式状语修饰谓语。
130. (31689-!-item-!-188;#058&006499)
The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank's funding by
$75 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to congressional passage being
the concern that the bank's loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses.
(A) an obstacle to congressional passage being the concern
(B) a concern as an obstacle to congressional passage
(C) as an obstacle to congressional passage the concern
(D) the concern, an obstacle to congressional passage,
(E) as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern
A. 该选项的正常语序为：cite the concern being an obstacle…, cite的用法不符合习语
B. 划线部分之后的that从句与其逻辑合理的修饰对象concern被隔开，造成that修饰passage的假象，
使句子逻辑不通
C. 正确
D. 改变句子意思，an obstacle成为了the concern的同位语，句子变成cite the concern，原句cite the
concern as something的含义丢失
E. it指代对象不清晰；obstacle应搭配to
句子结构：The… governments of… are expected to…, though…
本句为表转折的主从复合句。though引导的从句中，使用了cite A as B的倒装句型cite as B A, 其中A
为the concern，B为an obstacle to congressional passage。之所以这样倒装，是因为，the concern
后面还带有同位语that从句，进一步描述concern的内容，如果按原cite A as B结构，则会严重的产生
的头重脚轻的状况。从解题的角度上来说，划线部分之后出现that从句，提示我们划线处应以the
concern结尾，使用到装结构。
习惯用语（Idiom）
1) cite something as something为正确的习语表达
2) obstacle的习语搭配为：obstacle to
131. (31735-!-item-!-188;#058&006516)
Today's technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any
time in their production history.
(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
(C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
A. 句子意思不合理：表时间的副词结构now和at any time in their production history比较，现代科技
能使小车在现在比在过去省油。语义存在逻辑错误
B. 句子意思不合理：they精确指代前文提到的车，此句句子意思同A，故语义存在逻辑错误
C. 正确，该题目句子合理的意思应该是，现在造出的车，比汽车生产史上其他任何时候造出来的车
要更省油。比如说，2005年造出来的车子比2004年造出来的车子省油。而不是某一既定的车子
在现在比在过去省油，打个比方说，不应该是某辆车子A在2005年比在它在2004年省油。在构造
这个句子时，我们一定要注意这一点，避免形成类似的歧义/逻辑错误。避免这种错误的方法在
于，保证句子是名词或代词cars/those之间的比较，而不是表时间的副词或介宾短语的比较。small
cars that are more fuel-efficient than…这种定语从句结构是没有歧义的。
D. to make more fuel efficient small cars有歧义
E. to make more fuel-efficient small cars歧义
句子结构：Today’s technology allows … to…
本句是一个比较纯粹的考比较的句子，句子结构本身不复杂。
比较（Comparison）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 比较句要求比较对象对等，逻辑含义合理，且句子没有歧义。
2) 形容词、副词位置的改变，也可能产生修饰歧义。不少考生会认为采用that are的定语从句属于
wordy的用法，应该改成相应的形容词＋名词的结构。如，cars that are small就很罗嗦，应该改
成small cars。这一原则本身是正确的，但是在该题中，如果采用该原理，将句子改成D/E选项的
形式：more fuel-efficient small cars，则可能产生歧义。这个词组可能有下面两种意思：
more【fuel-efficient small】cars：词组的核心意思是更多的车，而这些车是经济省油的
【more fuel-efficient】small cars：更经济省油的小车
132. (31781-!-item-!-188;#058&006523)
A study published in the British Medical Journal showed that women who ate nuts more than five
times a week were about one third less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease as those who
ate no nuts at all.
(A) as those who ate
(B) as women who ate
(C) as those eating
(D) than women eating
(E) than were those who ate
A. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as
B. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as
C. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as
D. 句子目的将women who ate lots of nuts和 women who ate no nuts at all比较，该选项中，由于
缺少系动词were，构成 less likely to suffer from A than B，宾语AB之间比较的歧义
E. 正确，比较句句式结构平行对称。
句子结构：A study showed that….为句子主结构。
Show的宾语从句的主结构为：women who… were about one third less likely to suffer than….
习惯用语（Idiom）, 比较（Comparison）, 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 比较正确的用法包括比较级＋than以及as…as，但两者不能混用。
2) 主谓宾成分具全的比较句，有两种情况：1）宾语的比较；2）主语的比较。在GMAT考试当中，
如果遇到主语比较的情况，一般要求第二个句子补出系动词或助动词，以避免歧义。
如：I eat apple faster than you do. 该句为主语之间的比较，句子中的do是不可以省略的。因为
如果去掉do，则形成宾语比较句，apple和you进行比较，产生我吃苹果比吃你快的逻辑错误。
但是在只有主谓，没有宾语的句子中，由于没有宾语，所以不会产生上述歧义，所以不需要补充
系动词/助动词。如：I earn more than you.不需要补充do。如果补充了do，反而会构成罗嗦的错
误。
1. 在GMAT中，平行对称是一个重要的考点。在此题中，只有E选项做到了比较句中的句式结构平
行：Women who… were one third less likely to suffer from X disease than were those (指代
women) who…. 两个women who… were句式结构平行对称。Than后面的分句采用倒装形式，
将were提前，避免头重脚轻的状况。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 关于比较句中系动词、助动词补出以及相应的歧义的问题，考生可以参考OG10-19，OG10-46,
OG10-80
AWA测试 如果考生不熟悉主语比较和宾语比较的区别，在该题中，也可以通过平行对称的原则解题
133. (31827-!-item-!-188;#058&006534)
A recently published report indicates that the salaries of teachers continue to lag far behind other
college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at the
start of their careers and almost $24,000 less a year by the time they reach the age of 50.
(A) other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year
less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less
(B) other college-educated professionals, by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their
careers, to almost $24,000
(C) what other college-educated professionals are paid--making an average of nearly $8,000 a year
less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less
(D) those of other college-educated professionals--by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the
start of their careers to almost $24,000 less
(E) those of other college-educated professionals--by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the
start of their careers, and by almost $24,000
A. professionals与salaries比较，比较对象不对等；划线部分前后句不能构成因果关系，使用because
不恰当；because they(指代the salaries) make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less表达本
身笨拙。
B. professionals与salaries比较，比较对象不对等
C. What从句表达的意思不精确，what可以包括除薪酬以外的其他报酬，和salaries并非严格对等；
what professionals are paid使用被动；making $8,000 less表意笨拙。
D. Those指代salaries，该选项比较对象对等；lag far behind by…符合英语语言习惯，是很好的用
法；to一词体现出了差距拉大的这种趋势，这些都是该句的优点。但是，句子：A’s salaries lag far
behind B’s salaries by almost $24,000 less. Less与lag behind语义重复
E. 正确，Those指代salaries，该选项比较对象对等；lag far behind by…符合英语语言习惯；lag far
behind by sum-A at the start, and by sum-B by the time…平行对称。
句子结构：A recently published report indicates that….为句子主结构。
本题划线部分设置在indicates的宾语从句当中，为一比较结构。
比较（Comparison）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 比较句中，比较对象要对等。
2) 老师的薪酬原低于其他高校教育职业者的薪酬，与薪酬差距具体是多少，逻辑上不构成因果关系。
因此，不能使用because连接句子，可采用介词by表示具体的差距。
补充说明
判断What从句充当比较对象之一是否正确，我们需要判断what指代的对象有没有把比较的范围扩大
化。比如在此题中，由于what professionals are paid的内容可以包括除薪酬以外的其他报酬，所以
what把比较对象扩大了，故不正确。类似题目可参考本书的P1-50：what boys experience的范围远
远大于the patterns of stress，故P1-50题的B选项不正确。
134. (31873-!-item-!-188;#058&006542)
If a drug that is already on the market has the potential to help adults and children who have the
same disease, or if it is widely used in children and the absence of labeling seems dangerous, the
FDA can require that the drug undergo pediatric study.
(A) that the drug undergo
(B) that the drug undergoes
(C) that the drug is to undergo
(D) the drug undergoing
(E) the drug to have to undergo
A. 正确
B. Require宾语从句的谓语应为动词原形
C. Require宾语从句的谓语应为动词原形
D. 不合习语表达
E. Require已经表达了have to的含义，语义重复、罗嗦
句子结构：If…, or if…, the FDA can require that….
本句为有两个if引导的条件状语从句的复合句，表明在两种情况下，FDA可以行使某种权力。考点设
置为require的习语搭配。
习惯用语（Idiom）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) require的常用方法主要有：
a) require表示需要时，直接加名词做其宾语，如：
His broken leg requires surgery.
b) 当require表示要求、命令等含义时，正确用法包括：
require somebody/something to do something
require that somebody/something do something，为不带should的虚拟语气，动词使用
原形。GMAT语法认为，require已经包含should的语义，出现should属于语义重复。故
require/mandate/suggest etc that somebody should do something为错误用法，一定要
去掉should
2) require与have to语义重复
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 FDA是Food and Drug Administration的首字母缩写
135. (31919-!-item-!-188;#058&006548)
Whereas high speeds generally cannot be achieved by ramjets without their initially being assisted
by a rocket, a scramjet, or supersonic combustion ramjet, can attain high speeds by reducing
airflow compression at the entrance of the engine and letting air pass through at supersonic
speeds.
(A) Whereas high speeds generally cannot be achieved by ramjets without their initially being
assisted by
(B) Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of
(C) With ramjets, high speeds generally are not able to be achieved without initially being assisted
by
(D) Unlike with ramjets, generally unable to achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of
(E) Although a ramjet generally does not have the capability of achieving high speeds without the
initial assistance from
A. High speeds cannot be achieved by ramjets，被动语态没有必要；their being assisted by表达
笨拙
B. 正确
C. 句子主谓关系被完全破坏，谁不能获得高速？without being assisted表达笨拙
D. Unlike引起的比较对象、结构均不对等
E. Does not have the capability of…相较B选项的cannot，罗嗦；正确的习语为：with/without the
assistance of somebody/something
句子结构：Whereas a ramjet cannot achieve…, a scramjet, …, can attain…
whereas引导从句表示转折，意思与although相似。
习惯用语（Idiom）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 在…的帮助下，正确的习语表达为：with the assistance of somebody/something
2) 当动作发出者明确时，采用主动语态一般情况下比被动语态直接、简洁、有效。因此，不是必须
的情况，GMAT语法中不采用被动语态。
3) with＋名词或名次性词组位于句首，修饰句子主语，表示主语“拥有”（possess）with的宾语。
136. (31965-!-item-!-188;#058&006588)
The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
(A) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's
estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
(B) The report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, surpassing Wall
Street's estimates, and they announced the first in a series of price cuts that they intend to increase
sales further.
(C) Surpassing Wall Street's estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong
second-quarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first
in a series of price cuts.
(D) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing the first in
a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall Street's
estimates.
(E) The computer company, surpassing Wall Street's estimates, reported strong second-quarter
earnings, while announcing that to increase sales further, there would be the first in a series of price
cuts.
A. 正确
B. 句中唯一的复数概念为earnings，they强制指代earnings，然而，这一指代关系逻辑含义不合理
C. Surpassing逻辑主语为应该为盈利，而不是report，此句surpassing修饰report，含义不合理；they
强制指代earnings，逻辑含义不合理
D. that定语从句修饰对象错误，导致句子意思改变。
E. 两个句子并列（the company reported…, there would be…没有连词），句意表达错
句子结构：The computer company reported A and announced B.
句子为两个动宾成分并列。此句更妙的地方在于，两个谓语动词实际意思相同――reported and
announced，两个动词的宾语：earnings that surpassed… and price cuts intended to…. 也结构平行
对称。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、指代一致（Agreement）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 句子描述同一主语the computer company的两个动作，两谓语平行，宾语结构对称
2) 代词指代单复数一致的名词时，要注意其逻辑意思是否合理。
3) 现在分词结构位于句首，其逻辑主语为主句主语；定语从句修饰紧临的名词。
137. (32011-!-item-!-188;#058&006592)
Blaming its recent troubles on a widening recession and slow rate of technology spending, the
computer company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000
jobs--and expected to report a loss in its third quarter.
(A) company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000 jobs--and
expected to report a
(B) company announced that there would be a cut--10 percent of its workforce, which was more
than 2,000 jobs--and expected a reported
(C) company announced the cutting of its workforce by 10 percent, more than 2,000 jobs, and it
expected a reported
(D) company's announcement included the cutting of its workforce by 10 percent, or more than
2,000 jobs, and expecting to report a
(E) company's announcement included cutting its workforce--which is more than 2,000 jobs--and
expecting there to be a reported
A. 正确，10 percent of its workforce做为would cut的宾语，关键信息没有丢失，再用一对破折号内
的more than 2,000 jobs对10 percent of its workforce做出说明，使句子意思表达更准确。
B. There be句型与直接的主谓结构it (指代the company) would cut …相比，后者更加直接，动作的
发出者、承受者明确，符合GMAT的简洁、精准原则；此外，该选项将10 percent of its workforce
至于了一对破折号（dash, -）之间，将这一信息“掩埋”了。
C. and it expected….中的it指代前句的主语the company，实际为多余，直接使用and expected与
announced平行即可，多余的it造成了run-on错误；expected to report a loss表示“将会”损失，而
expected a reported loss含义则不同：a reported loss表明，损失是已经发生，而且已经被报告
出来，与句子原意不符
D. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误；表面结构上来
看，included包括两个宾语：the cutting of… and expecting to…。但是，the cutting为名词，而
expecting to为动名次，仍然强调其动作属性及含义，两者在含义上不能平行
E. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误；there to be罗
嗦，应舍去；该选项属于名词选项，不如A动词选项直接、准确
句子结构：Blaming…, the computer company announced that… and expected to…
Blaming…现在分词位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语相同，修饰主语the computer company。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1. 现在分词结构位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语相同。
138. (32057-!-item-!-188;#058&006635)
A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses, hundreds of times more massive
than the lightweight black holes produced by the collapse of individual stars, but thousands or even
millions of times less in its mass as the heavyweight giants that lurk in the centers of galaxies.
(A) thousands or even millions of times less in its mass as
(B) it is thousands or even millions of times less massive as
(C) thousands or even millions of times less massive than
(D) yet it is thousands or even millions times less massive than
(E) yet it is thousands or even millions of times less in its mass than
A. 比较级less要求搭配than，使用as错误，its多余
B. 比较级less要求搭配than，使用as错误，it is应去掉
C. 正确，xx
times more massive than A, but yy times less massive than B，句子平行对称
D. Yet与but语义重复，it is应去掉
E. Yet与but语义重复，it is应去掉，its多余
句子结构：A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses…
hundreds of times…部分作为宾语同位语，进一步修饰500 solar masses. Hundreds of times more
massive than…, but thousands or even millions of times less massive than….平行对称。
平行对称（Parallelism）, 比较（Comparison）
1) 该句两个宾语同位语由连词but相连，要求平行对称；第一个同位语不在划线范围内，采用了
hundreds of times more massive than…的结构，因此，位于划线部分的第二个同位语相应的应
采用but thousands or even millions of times less massive than…结构，与前一同位语平行
2) as＋形容词原形＋as，形容词比较级＋than，为两种常用的比较结构。出现比较级，一定要有than，
两者不能混淆使用
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 weigh in at为固定的动词习语。weigh in表示举重、摔跤等运动员比赛前过磅。weigh in at后直接
加重量。如：
Higgins weighed in at just over 100 kilos.
139. (32103-!-item-!-188;#058&006640)
Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has
fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste pore.
(A) them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud
called the taste pore
(B) them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the taste
bud, which they call the taste pore
(C) which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the
top of the taste bud
(D) which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore,
located at the top of the taste bud
(E) which have fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the
taste bud called the taste pore
A. each在这里作代词，each of them是句子主语，后接谓语has…构成完整的句子，与前面的句子
之间缺少连词，不应用逗号.
B. Each of them that…结构中的that为定语从句修饰them，为附属结构――即，each of them作为
插入成分位于两个成对的逗号之间，但是没有表达任何实义；they没有符合逻辑的指代对象
C. 正确， each of which引导从句，拓展了句子意思，避免了run-on错误；此外，该选项修饰关系
明确：called 和 located均修饰fingerlike projections
D. Each of which从句没有动词，which是连接代词，后接谓语动词构成完整的句子；修饰关系混乱。
E. Each of which作从句主语，谓语应为单数has；located和called修饰opening，语义被改变
句子结构：句子划线部分前的逗号以前部分，为句子的主干。each of which（指代taste cells）引导
从句，拓展了句子的意思。正确选项C从句中，called 和 located均修饰fingerlike projections.
该句的意思大致为：味蕾（taste buds）由50到100个味觉细胞（taste cells）组成，每个味觉细胞上
都有手指状的小突起，这些小突起叫做味腺（taste pore），分布在味蕾的顶端。
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 指代一致（Agreement）
1) 若划线部分采用each of them，则不能出现谓语动词，否则句子出现多套主谓，构成run-on
sentence的错误。这种情况下可以采用独立主格结构。另外一种解决方案是用which替代them，
构成非限定性定语从句，进一步扩展句子意思
2) 该句多个从属关系、修饰关系并存，在建构句子时要保证修饰关系清晰正确
3) each作主语为单数，要求单数谓语
补充说明
此题难度较高，难点在于如何正确理解句子想要表达的意思，以及正确的修饰关系。类似考点、难点
的题目读者可以参考本书P1-57题。
140. (32197-!-item-!-188;#058&006684)
By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller
identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured
customers from other phone companies but also forced them to offer competitive prices.
(A) has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced them
(B) has not only captured customers from other phone companies, but it also forced them
(C) has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies
(D) not only has captured customers from other phone companies but also these companies have
been forced
(E) not only captured customers from other phone companies, but it also has forced them
A. them指代不清，them前面有两个可被指代的复数名词：customers以及companies，并且，由于
customers为has not only captured的宾语，them为but also forced的宾语，them优先指代
customers，逻辑意思不合理。
B. a company has not only done A but also done B为正确用法，此选项逗号和it均多余；them指代
不清
C. 正确，these companies明确指代前文中的other phone companies
D. not only…but also连接对象不平行。
E. 逗号和it均多余；them指代不清；句子时态不一致
句子结构：By offering…, the… company has not only… but also…
By offering位于句首，作表方式的状语修饰本句的主谓机构。句子主句采用了固定词组not only… but
also…结构。
指代一致（Agreement）、习惯用语（Idiom）、平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 指代关系要求明确、不能产生歧义。
2) not only… but also为习语，表示同一主语发出的两个动作――不仅做了A这件事，还做了B。习
语不能拆分，主语不能发生转换。若习语的主语发生了改变，就没有必要使用“既…又…”这一句
型。习语前后连接的两部分需要平行对称。
