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The best way to instill good habits in a dog is to condition it with short verbal commands and edible rewards before they solidify bad habits when aging takes effect.

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Whereas in genetic mutation by insertion extra base pairs are inserted into the DNA, in mutation by substitution one base in the sequence is replaced with another.

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The events of the 2006 movie Driving Lessons focus on the friendship between Ben, a shy teenaged boy, with an aging and eccentric actress, Evie, when she hires the boy as a companion to assist her in the house and drive her to various appointments.

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Similarities across 200 genes related to hearing and deafness that were discovered in new research have yielded proof of echolocation capabilities in cetaceans, including dolphins, that were evolving independently of but convergent with the sonar hearing capabilities for which bats are well-known.

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It is not in fact a whale, but the whale shark is as large as some species of whales, which measures up to 42 feet from tooth to fin.

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The top five rubber-producing countries are fairly geographically concentrated and center around Malaysia, which can produce up to 1 million metric tons of rubber annually and is famous for the forests of Borneo.

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The brightness on Earth of such celestial bodies like stars invariably depends both on the radius of the luminescent object and its temperature.

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Calling for a ceasefire in South Sudan, where unrest has killed more than a thousand people, China has offered to step forth as the African state's biggest oil investor and act as a peace broker, so that it directly engages both warring sides in order to facilitate negotiations.

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Independent movie makers have realized that movies without bankable stars are difficult to produce, market, and are hard to distribute.

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A Spanish red wine called Tempranillo exhibits a plummy flavor and is considered as a drink fit for a gourmet by most locals, though it is virtually unheard of outside Navarra.

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Although the proprietor of the restaurant agreed to revise the menu, he said that it must be displayed outside the restaurant so that both old patrons and new customers would notice the revised menu before entering.

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Released in 1970, the creators of MASH were two Academy Award nominees, Robert Altman, who would go on to direct The Player, and director Ingo Preminger.

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Which of the following equations is NOT equivalent to $8 y^{2} = (x + 3) (x - 3)$ ?

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Thanks to advances in science and technology, many people that might at one time have been crippled as children by diseases such as poliomyelitis or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease now enjoy near-normal lifestyles.

Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. [hl:4]In one small excavation in Cyprus[/hl:4], archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l’melekh handles have been found in abundance —more than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?

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Short Story	$S1$	$S2$	$S3$	$S4$	$S5$	$S6$
Fraction of the Total Reading Assignment	$\frac{1}{3}$	$\frac{1}{<font color='#FE8080'>4</font>}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	$\frac{1}{9}$	$\frac{1}{12}$	$\frac{1}{18}$

Hannah was given an assignment to read $6$ short stories this week. She does her reading on Wednesday and Thursday. Her teacher labeled the stories $S1$ , $S2$ , $S3$ , $S4$ , $S5$ , and $S6$ . The table shows the percentage of each story as a fraction of the total number of pages of the entire reading assignment. If Hannah read more than $\frac{1}{2}$ of the entire assignment on Wednesday and she always completed a short story in one sitting, did she read $S6$ on Wednesday?

(1) Hannah read $S1$ and $S4$ on Thursday.

(2) Hannah read $S2$ and $S5$ on Wednesday.

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Box	$B1$	$B2$	$B3$	$B4$	$B5$	$B6$
Fraction of the Total Value of Rachel's Order	$\frac{1}{<font color='#FE8080'>4</font>}$	$\frac{5}{24}$	$\frac{3}{16}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	$\frac{1}{8}$	$\frac{1}{16}$

Rachel submitted an order for several items from a popular online retail site. Her items were packaged in 6 separate boxes and were delivered on Monday and Tuesday of this past week. Each box was labeled $B1$ , $B2$ , $B3$ , $B4$ , $B5$ , or $B6$ . The table shows the value of each box as a fraction of the total value of Rachel's order. If the delivery on Monday had a value greater than $\frac{1}{2}$ of the total value of Rachel's order, was box $B4$ delivered on Monday?

(1) $B3$ and $B5$ were delivered on Monday.

(2) $B1$ and $B2$ were delivered on Tuesday.

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The rectangular quilt shown in the figure above has a border of uniform width. What is the area of the portion of the quilt that excludes the border?

(1) The width of the border on all sides is 4 inches.

(2) The perimeter of the entire quilt, including the border, is 220 inches. The length of the entire quilt is 20 inches longer than the width of the entire quilt.

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M31, M32, and M33 are members of the Local Group, an assemblage of more than 54 galaxies in the neighborhood of the Milky Way, the galaxy which contains our solar system. Like the Milky Way, M31 and M33 are spiral galaxies, whereas M32 is a dwarf elliptical galaxy. Of the three, M31, also known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is the largest, with a mass that has been estimated in recent studies to be equal to or greater than that of the Milky Way. Comprised primarily of older faint stars, M32 is a substantially smaller galaxy and a satellite of Andromeda. M33, known as the Triangulum Galaxy, is more distant and less massive than Andromeda and is believed to have collided with that galaxy in the past. The attributes of these four galaxies may reflect their past interactions and are likely to shape future encounters. For example, astronomers are not currently sure how M32's compact ellipsoid shape took form, but they suspect that M32 may have had a spiral shape earlier that was transformed by a tidal field from Andromeda into its current elliptical shape. Meanwhile, Triangulum and Andromeda are connected by a stream of hydrogen and stars, which is evidence that the two galaxies have interacted in the past between 2 and 8 billion years ago. Finally, among the trio M31, M33 and the Milky, every pair is potentially on a collision course compelled by gravity. Triangulum might be ripped apart and absorbed by M31, it might collide with the Milky Way before the latter has any violent interaction with Andromeda, or it might participate in the collision between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, which is expected to occur in about 4 billion years.

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In the figure above, find the value of $c - b$ .