说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
191. (GWD-10-Q24)
For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained well below that of the other three countries.
A. Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained
B. have those of Britain, France, or Germany, and the unemployment rate remaining
C. have Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
D. the economy of Britain, France, and Germany, with the unemployment rate that has remained
E. the economies of Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
题目释义：the Dutch economy has grown faster than the economies … ,and the unemployment rate has remained………
考点：
平行对称，比较对等
1. 比较句要求比较对象对等，逻辑含义合理，且句子没有歧义。
2. 关于指代：前面是单数名词，后面如果要指代，只能用that，如果需要表达复数意思，那么只能重复这一名词的复数形式，如economy-economies,不能随意改成those, ets视之为指代错误。
(1)单数名词--- that/该名词复数形式
(2)复数名词--- those
选项分析:
(A) 比较对象不对等，将经济和国家进行比较；with的逻辑主语是Dutch economy，错误；现在完成时的进行时态having remained不可以做限定性修饰，错误。
(B) those没有所指代的词；and后不是一个整句，没有谓语动词。
(C) 比较对象不对等，将经济和国家进行比较。
(D) with的逻辑主语是Dutch economy，错误。
(E) Correct。
补充说明：
Aeoluseros对D的看法：
首先D最大的错误仅进在于后面with引导的伴随状语的逻辑主语Dutch economy错误，其次：
个人认为用the economy of Britain, France, and Germany和the economies of Britain, France and Germany都是可以的。
在GMAT中曾经有一题提到过类似用法，用的是单数:
A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.
说明单数和复数的搭配并没有问题。
而本题后半句the unemployment rate has remained well below that of the other three countries中后面没有用unemployment rates，按照规则比较结构中单复数不一致、时态不一致都是要重新补出的，但是这里用了that，说明后面用的是单数。并且GMAT不会那么荒谬地认为那三个国家公用一个unemployment rate，所以说明仅使用that即已可以表达出三个国家各自的增长率。
而且在日常英语(非GMAT语境)中the economy of Britain, France and Germany和the economies of Britain, France and Germany都是可以的，类似的有birds have four-chambered hearts和birds have a four-chambered heart都对，因为根据常识不会有歧义。
192. (GWD-7-Q20)
The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.
A. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but
B. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also
C. having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but
D. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also
E. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but
题目释义：The first trenches …, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that ….. societies (…) arose simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states ……..
simultaneously with与independently of在but前后，构成并列。
在S的TH地方挖出来的500英亩的沟极好地证明了，中央集权的复杂社会在中东的北部地区与更为著名的城邦南美索不达米亚（现在的南伊朗）同时但是独立地出现了。
考点：
逻辑表达，平行对称，简洁有效
1. 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可以很清楚地说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介系词、代词，使句子简单清晰。
2. evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容，而evidence for后面是要跟某个theory或idea来表达evidence支持该theory或idea的。如"evidence FOR evolution"是指支持进化论的证据。
3. 过去进行时与一般过去时的对比：
过去进行时与一般过去时，两者都表示过去发生的动作,但过去进行时表示在过去某一特定的时间点或时间段正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示在过去时间完成的动作｡
例如: I was typing a letter last night. 昨晚我在打一封信｡(可能没打完)
I typed some letters last night. 我昨晚打了一些信｡(已经打完)
4. 现在完成时时与一般现在时：
yield用现在完成时与一般现在时都说得通，但是含义不一样，用have yield说明了the first trenches是过去发现的，至今仍能提供证据，而yield的话则是说明是现在发现的，所以用have yield更合理
5. 固定搭配：
simultaneous(ly) with
independent(ly) of
选项分析：
(A) that were cut不如直接done做后置定语简洁；evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容，而evidence for后面是要跟某个theory或idea来表达evidence支持该theory或idea的；were arising时态错，好像在表达rise在那段时间之后还没有结束，应该用一般过去时更合理；第二个that就近修饰northern regions的歧义。
(B) that were cut不如直接done做后置定语简洁；yields错，主谓一致trenches对应yield；were arising时态不对，应该是过去时；yield用现在完成时才合理；but (also)没有问题。
(C) having been不能做限定性修饰，错误；were arising时态错；simutaneously后面要跟上with才能加名词，并且才与indenpendently of平行。
(D) 主谓一致yields错；simutaneously后面缺少with；yield用现在完成时才合理。
(E) Correct。
193. (T-3-Q2)
As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.
A. As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing
B. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
C. The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
D. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing
E. The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
题目释义：The honeybee’s stinger is…barbed and stays…, with the result that…
考点：
逻辑表达，指代一致
1. this ,that ,those 在表示指代时，通常需要补充名词，且不可指代前面整个句子的意思；
2. 句子逻辑重心要合理。C和E的不同之处在于C的主干是Stinger...results in the fact that ... E的主干是Stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is 这整一个特征事实with the result that ... 关键在于是“蜇刺”导致了后面的结果，还是“蜇刺”的这些特点（heavily barbed, stay where it is）导致了后文的结果。很显然，E更合理。
3. with the result that
Sara wasn't at school last week, with the result that she missed an important test.
à前面半句说的整个事实导致了后面缺考的结果。
4. result in: to make something happen ...
an accident that resulted in the death of two passengers
选项分析：
(A) this不能指代前面这个句子的意思；result in +n.后面结构复杂，且无法表达出result的整体内容，awkward，不如直接result + that从句；分词引导的状语staying where it is inserted在句子中间，导致dangling modification，既可以向前修饰as引导的从句也可以向后修饰this引导的主句；
(B) 句子结构不完整，没有主句；as引导的原因状语从句中因为heavily barbed是stays where it is inserted 的原因，连词and可以表达暗含的因果，所以两个特征应该并列并以and连接最为合理。
(C) 原题的意思是蜜蜂的刺倒勾并留在扎入的地方，这件事导致了后面的结果，这里的意思是蜜蜂刺本身导致了后面的事，逻辑不合理；staying where it is inserted做非限定性修饰，暗示了stinger无时无刻都是staying并insert的，很荒谬；results in the fact that the act of，wordy。
(D) The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee results in逻辑意义错误，同C，result应该用伴随状语来表 示结果(可以用with the result that或现在分词引导的resulting that做伴随状语)。
(E) Correct；重心明确，且with the result that的意思是“结果是，因此，从而”，如果是resulting that也可以。
补充说明：
1.背景知识：
为什么蜜蜂螫人后就会死掉：蜜蜂的螫针上有一些很尖的倒钩。蜜蜂螫人时，带倒钩的螫针，牢牢地扎在人的肌肉里而不能拔出。因此，蜜蜂只得留下螫针，撕尾离去。失掉了身上的螫针以后，蜜蜂很快就会死去。
194. (GWD-11-32)
Since 1975 so many people have been moving to Utah such that Mormons who were once 75 percent of the population are now only accounting for half of it.
A. so many people have been moving to Utah such that Mormons who were once 75 percent of the population are now only accounting for half of it
B. many people have been moving to Utah, so Mormons once 75 percent of the population are now accounting for only half
C. that many people have been moving to Utah, such that the Mormons that were once 75 percent of the population are now accounting for only half of it
D. many people have been moving to Utah such that the Mormons, who once represented 75 percent of the population, now only account for half
E. so many people have been moving to Utah that the Mormons, who once represented 75 percent of the population, now account for only half
题目释义：so many people have been moving … that the Mormons, who…, now account for
Who非限定性定语从句作为插入语，审题时两个逗号间的部分可以暂时拿掉
考点：
固定搭配，平行对称
1. 关于so…that…与such…that…
(1) such…that表达的是强调含义，与so…that的含义不同(prep 1-131)。
(2) so…that后面不加情态动词表示结果，后面加情态动词表目的。
(3) so…that不能修饰介词短语与名词，只能修饰动作。
(4) so…that用来说明做某事的目的，所以其前面应该是“做某事”，而不能是介词短语。(GWD-30-170)
(5) such + adj. + that错误，such必须修饰名词，可以是such+adj.+noun.+that。这里such表示of a kind。
2. such that连用时的用法：
(1) A rule of correspondence between two sets such that there is a unique element in the second set assigned to each element in the first set. (such向前指代a rule of … sets )
函数两组元素一一对应的规则，第一组中的每个元素在第二组中只有唯一的对应量
(2) Her interest with him is such that she governs him absolutely. (such指代her interest)
她对他的影响非常大，以至于完全控制了他。
(3) The format of the meeting was such that everyone could ask a question. (such指代the format of the meeting) 会议安排好可让每个人都能提一个问题。
(4) choose x and y such that x + y = 10 (such向前指代x and y)
选项分析：
(A) so和such that混用，so…such that错误；Mormons who were once 75 percent of the population中谓语动词使用错误，Mormons不是一个人数，所以谓语动词不能用were，而应该用represented；account用一般现在时表示某种事实，用进行时没有必要，反而累赘；it指代的不是population，而是整个名词短语75 percent of the population，错误。
(B) 同位语前面需要逗号隔开：Mormons once 75 percent of the population are应该改为Mormons, once 75 percent of the population, are，但是同时用人口数量(once 75 percent of the population)来同位修饰人(Mormons)，概念上不能合理修饰；are now only accounting现在进行时没有必要；only account for half逻辑意思错误，only做副词时要紧跟修饰的词，并向后修饰，所以应该放在half前面；用so…来表示因果关系不合理，应该用用so…that…来强调结果；
(C) that引导的名词性从句做主语，是的逻辑含义不合理，而主谓不一致：that…are now accounting for only half of it，也即that出现在句首ungrammatical；such that中的such指代对象是many people还是Utah不清；Mormons that were once 75 percent of the population，摩门教徒=人口数，逻辑含义错误；关系代词that不能指代人，要用who，同时不应该使用限定性修饰，且that were wordy；are now only accounting现在进行时没有必要；it指代的不是population，而是整个名词短语75 percent of the population，错误。
(D) such that使用错误同C；only位置错误同B；run-on sentence，句子有两个谓语动词：have been与account.
(E) Correct；once represented和now account对应，75 percent of the population与only half对应。
195. (GWD-24-Q19)
In archaeology, there must be a balance between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote respect for archaeological sites.
A. between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote
B. among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and promoting
C. between explaining the value and workings of archaeology, the revealing of the mysteries of past and present cultures, and when promoting
D. among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, the revelation of the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote
E. between explaining archaeology's value and workings, in the revealing of the mysteries of past and present cultures, and in promoting
题目释义：there must be a balance among explainin….., revealing ….., and promoting….
在考古学中，必须在解释考古的价值与运作方式，揭示过去和现在文化的奥秘，以及促进尊重考古遗址中寻求一种平行。
there be是倒装句型，真正的主语是随后的名词词组a balance；而explaining，revealing和 promoting三个是动名词短语作宾语构成among引导的介宾短语。
考点：
平行对称，
1. between …and 两者之间并列；among…and三者及以上；
选项分析：
A. Between…and使用错误，三者以上并列用among；explanation，revealing，to promote三者形式不平行。
B. Correct。
C. Between…and使用错误，三者以上并列用among；explaining，the revealing，when promoting不平行。
D. Among后面的三个成分形式不平行。
E. Between…and使用错误，三者以上并列用among；Among后面的三个成分形式不平行。
196. (GWD-1-Q41)
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
A. as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established
B. as a method of the extraction of minerals well established
C. was a well-established method of mineral extraction
D. was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was
E. had been a method of mineral extraction, well established
题目释义：Leaching, the recovery …，was a well-established method..., but…miners did not realize that …..
Leaching主语，was谓语，a well-established method of mineral extraction表语，but引导转折分句，miners主语，did not realize谓语，that bacteria take an active part in the process宾语从句。过滤，即从drainage water of mines中还原铜的方法，早在18世纪就是一种矿物开采所行之有效的方法，但直到约25年前，矿工们还没有认识到细菌在这一过程中所发挥的积极作用。
考点：
句子结构，简洁有效，逻辑表达
1. 一个句子只能有一套主谓结构，即一个主语，一个谓语，一个宾语（宾语从句）。
2. 完整的句子必须包含主语及谓语结构。
3. 过去完成时需要时间上的对比，以表示过去的过去。
4. as early as不是比较，而是规定时间范围的固定用法。
选项分析：
(A) but前的分句有leaching、it两个主语，错误
(B) but前的分句没有谓语
(C) Correct；as early as the eighteenth century副词性短语修饰but前的分句
(D) that可能指代method或mineral(根据逻辑含义选择指代对象)，但修饰method和mineral句子逻辑意思都不对
(E) well established做非限定性修饰method逻辑含义错误，应该用限定性修饰来说明句子所提的method是早在18世纪就建立的那个，即去掉逗号；过去完成时使用错误
197. (GWD-1-Q16)
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A. a greater proportion than it was
B. a greater proportion than
C. a greater proportion than they have been
D. which is greater than was so
E. which is greater than it has been
题目释义：Soaring television costs accounted for … half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than in any previous election.
Soaring television costs主语，accounted for谓语，a greater proportion为同位语，修饰前面整个名词短语。
考点：
指代一致（Agreement）
1. which就近指代名词，不能指代完整的一句话；
2. it在文中，会继承被指代对象的特性，业即本文中，it 如果指代 a great proportion或者 the spending ，都继承了a great proportion或者 the spending 发生在presidential campaign of 1992的特性，造成比较的逻辑关系错误，要引以注意。
3. 比较对象的内容，时态关系，逻辑含义均要对等。
选项分析：
(A) it指代的是a greater proportion整个短语，错误，应该用that来指代proportion，但是因为只是名词短语的比较，that可以省略而不带任何歧义。
(B) Correct；原句补完整：Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than（the proportion）（television costs had accounted for of the spending）in any previous election；这个句子中只是单个名词(proportion)的比较，所以不需要考虑than后面补出主谓，只补出介词短语就够了，不用担心后面的介词短语in any previou election没有平行对象
(C) 现在完成时使用错误，in any previous election说明应用过去完成时；they指代soaring television costs，使逻辑意义错误，比较结构需要比较对象对等，前者为a great proportion 是一个量词不能和具体的费用对比，而且其他的election不一定是soaring的；同时have been与前面的accounted for不平行，只要也要用have done。
(D) Which不能指代前面整个idea；so用于省略重复的动作，使用错误。
(E) Which不能指代前面整个idea；it指代不清，且has been时态与后面的in any previous election不符。
类似例题链接：
OG10- 198. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns
(B) their previous campaigns had had
(C) they had for any previous campaign
(D) in their previous campaigns
(E) for any previous campaign
If than is followed by a clause referring to army, the subject of that clause must be singular (it). Furthermore, the verb of that clause will need to be in the past perfect form (had had) because it refers to a time before the simple past of entered. Finally, the preposition for is more precise than in because supplies are gathered for an upcoming campaign. Choices A and C incorrectly use the plural they and the simple past had. Moreover, A uses the less precise in. Choices D and E wisely dispense with the full clause and use a simple prepositional phrase. D, however, uses the imprecise in and the plural their. Only E, the best choice, avoids all the errors mentioned above.
198. (GWD-18-Q31)
Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
A. Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
B. Between 1990 and 2000 the growth of the global economy was more than that during 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
C. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds that which had been for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
D. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds what it has been for 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
E. The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeded what it did for the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
题目释义：the global economy grew more than it did ….from ..to….
1990年至2000年全球经济增长量的超过了它在从农业开始到1950年10000年的增长量。
考点：
比较对等，简洁有效
1） 比较对象的内容，时态关系，逻辑含义均要对等。注意代词指代。
选项分析：
A. Correct；it完全指代the global economy，并不特指1990到2000年之间的global economy
B. the growth of sth. was不如sth. grew简洁；from when agriculture began to 1950的不如from the beginning of agriculture to 1950好（另有一待验证说法：from when错误，when前面接介词awkward）；that指代错误，无法指代the growth of the global economy整个短语，只能指代growth；from when做非限定性修饰错误；应该用during the 1000 years来特指那1000年
C. that which had been用法awkward，时态错误（一般过去时即可），且that指代错误，无法指代the growth of the global economy整个短语，只能指代growth；for 1000 years错误，应该在1000 years前加上定冠词以特指那1000年；exceeds时态错误，应该用一般过去时（比如Shakespears was an English poet.也用一般过去时）
D. exceeds时态错误，应该用一般过去时；it指代the growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000错误；现在完成时使用错误，应改为过去时态(一般过去时或过去完成时)；for 1000 years错误，应该在1000 years前加上定冠词以特指那1000年；from when做非限定性修饰语义错误
E. it指代the growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000错误；what it did含义错误，growth不会做任何事情；did没有所指代的动词
补充说明：
As 或than引导的比较从句中的省略原则（摘自白勇语法）：
1.比较从句额谓语与主句位于相同，可用do,did,does代替。
2.比较从句联系动词be与主句联系动词be相同，可以省略be,也可以不省略。
3.主语谓语动词短语使用”助动词（如have,has,had,will）或情态动词（can,could, may,should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb,保留助动词或情态动词。
4.比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留作状语的介词短语或状语从句。
5.比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。
类似例题链接：
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
A) Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
B) Since 1990 the growth of the global economy has been more than that during 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
C) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds that which had been for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
D) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds what it has been for 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
E) The growth of the global economy since 1990 exceeds what it did for the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture.
Key: A
199. (GWD-1-Q19)
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
A. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
B. not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
C. caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
D. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
E. caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
题目释义：Recently physicians have determined that …. are caused not by …,but by…
Recently physicians 主语，have determined 谓语，that 引导宾语从句， 第二个that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach 是做定语修饰前面的bacterium。最近医生已经确定，胃溃疡不是由压力，酒精，或者过多的食物引起的，而是由寄居在胃黏膜上的细菌造成的。
考点：
平行对称（简单题）
1）not by….but by…,注意否定句中不用and用or
选项分析：
A. not caused by stress和but a bacterium不平行。
B. not caused by stress和but are by a bacterium不平行。
C. Correct。
D. 否定句中要用or来表示“和”；not by stress和but a bacterium不平行。
E. 否定句中要用or来表示“和”；not by stress和but are by a bacterium that不平行
200. (GWD-6-Q8)
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
A. Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
B. Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are
C. Reserve who, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
D. Reserve, who now view the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be
E. Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is
题目释义：Many financial experts believe that policy makers..., now viewing..., are
考点：
逻辑表达( logical predication); 主谓一致(agreement); 题目释义（Grammatical Construction）
1. 固定搭配：view sth. as sth. 而view sth. to be sth.错误。
选项分析：
A. Correct；viewing做伴随；balanced后面省略的economy，view the economy as balanced economy。
B. view sth as sth；between that of中的that无所指；and are没有并列对象；policy makers缺谓语。
C. policy makers缺谓语动词；who做限定性修饰使得语义上不合理。
D. view sth as sth；between that of中的that无所指；will be时态错误，be certain是发生在现在的动作。
E. view sth as sth.；which就近修饰Reserve; is 应该改为are, 因为policy makers 是主语
