说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
221. (GWD-12-Q34)
In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies using an analogous purification process.
A. prohibiting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies
B. prohibiting them from the disclosing of its water purification methods to any company
C. prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company
D. that would prohibit them from disclosure of its water purification methods to companies
E. that would prohibit its water purification methods to be disclosed to a company
题目释义： In an attempt to do sth., the company require employee to do sth. prohibiting disclosure of sth. to any company using an analogous purification process.
考点：
固定用法（idiom）
1. prohibit固定搭配：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing
2. 指代问题。
选项分析：
A. prohibit that是错误用法
B. prohibit sb from doing，这里prohibit sb from sth错误；the disclosing不简洁，disclose有其名词形式，直接用disclosure；them无指代，前面的employee是单数
C. correct；prohibit sth.是惯用法；因为后面未划线部分已经用了analogous，所以前面只需要any company，而不必any other company来特意把自己公司排除开来
D. 描述agreement的内容用现在分词作定语修饰更合适；them无指代；prohibit sb from sth错误
E. 描述agreement的内容用现在分词作定语修饰更合适；prohibit sth. to be done错误
222. (GWD-1-Q34)
Although people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
A. people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their
B. people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the
C. fatty foods are consumed by people in France at a comparable rate to the United States's, their
D. the rate of fatty foods consumed in France and the United States is about the same, the
E. the rate of people consuming fatty foods is about the same in France and the United States, the
题目释义： Although people in France & US consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
考点：
逻辑意思（logical predication） 句子结构（grammatical construction）
1. 比较对象。
2. 逻辑意思。
选项分析：
A. rate和US比较，比较对象不对等；their为完全指代，故their指代people in France, 代入句中即death retes of people in France…are far lower in France，语义重复
B. Correct
C. Their指代People in France错误；被动的使用awkward；the United States's后面的省略无法还原，比较对象不明确
D. the rate of fatty foods错，不是foods的rate，而应该是consuming foods的rate；consumed in France and the United States错误，应该在the United States前加in，同时主语rate应改为rates，且谓语动词改为are
E. the rate of people错误，不是people的rate，应该是the rate of consumption；同时rate应改为rates，且谓语动词改为复数，在the United States前加in
223. (GWD-23-Q23)
After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to doctors and hospitals.
A. while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to
B. while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business and fell months behind in its payment to
C. but then it proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its paying
D. but then proving unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
E. but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying
题目释义： the company became one of the largest providers, but then proved unable to handle sth., falling months behind in panying
考点：
习惯用语（idiom） 句子结构（grammatical construction）
1. 同一个动词的名词形式和动名词形式含义不同。通常来讲，名词形式比动名词形式简洁: payment比paying好，development比developing好，对于没有专门名词形式的动词，再应该用动名词。
2. While在表示转折对比时，有两件events同时发生的含义。
选项分析：
A． 即便表示转折对比，while也有”at the same time“的含义在里面，与then矛盾，并让句意变成了the health care company expanding and falling是同时发生的，但是实际上应该是先became largest，然后再fell；its payment没有问题，只是没有in paying to简洁
B． while的错误同A；fall用动名词形式做伴随状语更好，因为fall和handle并不属于同一层次，而是属于unable to handle的结果；its payment没有问题，只是没有in paying to简洁
C． 前面的it多余，可以省略(effctiveness)；in its paying，使得paying从动词变成了动名词，不简洁，且paying这个动作就是the health care company执行的，所以不用加上its。prep.+one’s+doing往往是不简洁的，要多加留意
D． proving错误，应该直接用prove
E． Correct；Proved通常用主动表示被动，but后面省略了it，因为主语相同
补充说明：
1. but后面本来是应该加句子的，但是在主语相同的情况下可以省略主语。
224. (GWD-12-Q13)
Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.
A. few people to have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor are they making
B. few people having significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made
C. that there are few people who have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do, nor having made
D. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do and are not making
E. that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made
题目释义： Although…, research indicates that few people have reduced the amount of driving they do or made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.
考点：
逻辑意思（logical predication） 平行结构（parallelism）
1. the amount of driving they do中的they do是定语从句，先行词the amount of driving在定从中做宾语省略that，还原也即do the amount of driving，类似于do a lot of homework/driving；在formal problem里出现do driving这样“不太正式”的结构其实还是有点令人诧异的。
2. 比较结构中的省略。
3. Nor的相关用法：
1) nor用在否定句中表示“也不”的意思
2) neither A nor B后面跟的谓语动词由B决定:
Neither we nor they want it. (来自AHD的例子)，说明由B决定的。
再看两个来自jukuu的例子：
1. Neither menus nor dialog boxes have this immediate property. Each one requires an intermediate step, sometimes more than one.
2. Neither the salesman nor the supervisor has been notified of the sale.
另外单个neither的用法：
They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.
They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.
4. indicate的固定搭配：indicate (to sb.) something/that… 显示，展现
选项分析：
A． indicate few people to have done搭配错误；they指代few people，已经是否定含义了不需要再有nor，只要用or就好；are making和reduced不平行，应该用made
B． indicate错误同A；having done是非谓语动词中现在分词的完成式，使得从句没有谓语动词。
C． there are 表示自然存在或统计数据，用在此处并不合适 ( 记住一些有效性错误，能加速筛选选项 )； having made和have reduced不平行；因为前后主语都是few people，不需要用nor来连接。
D． and前后不平行，并且后面半句变成了few people are not making…于原句意思相悖；and在否定句中是“或”的意思，要用or来表示“和”。
E． correct；made前省略了have，have reduced和have made平行，也即两个平行的过去分词可以共享同一个助动词 have。
225. (GWD-1-Q24)
By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop prematurely.
A. tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
B. tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, and this causes the color of needles to change from deep green to grayish green, and their dropping
C. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, which causes needles to change color from deep green to grayish green, and dropping
D. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
E. the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, and this causes the color of needles to change from deep green to grayish green, and then their dropping
题目释义： By sucking sap from tree …, the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color … and to drop prematurely.
考点：
逻辑意思（logical predication） 平行结构（parallelism）
1. 现在在句首，逻辑主语应等于主语。
2. and前后平行。
3. which不能指代前面整句话，但是in which case就可以，因为是固定搭配
选项分析：
A. tree growth不能suck sap from tree，因此sucking的逻辑主语错误
B. sucking逻辑主语错误；this不能裸奔，如果要指代前面整句，需加上别的概括性名词组成this + n.； their dropping与to change不平行；their无指代
C. GMAT语法中Which无法指代前面整句；dropping和to change不平行
D. Correct；causing作伴随结果；to change和to drop对称
E. this错误同B；cause the color of needles to change不如cause needles to change color简洁；and后不平行，their无指代
226. (GWD-3-Q1)
The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species, and so some paleontologists have argued that Lucy represents a different lineage.
A. presumed to be of the same species, and so
B. presumed to be of the same species that
C. presumed that they are of the same species, and so
D. that they have presumed to be of the same species, so that
E. that they have presumed are of the same species, and
题目释义： The skeleton is so small compared with many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some Ps have argued that…
考点：
习惯用语（idiom）
1. so….that结构
2. 简洁有效性
3. Presume的固定搭配：
presume的固定搭配，表示假设的时候就这三种用法：
presume that
I presume we'll be there by six o'clock.
presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (被动即sth. presumed to be)
From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss.
be presumed to do something
The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC.
选项分析：
A. so…that结构不完整；and so连用没问题
B. correct；so…that比较远，但不可忽略
C. 用presumed to be更简洁；后面and so破坏了so…that结构。
D. they have presumed中是主动，但实际应当是被动；so…so that搭配错误。
E. they have presumed中是主动，但实际应当是被动；have presumed are两个谓语动词错误；so…that结构不完整。
227. (GWD-3-Q41)
In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended for the creation of Buddha images and when they constructed and decorated the temples that enshrined them.
A. much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended for the creation of Buddha images and when they constructed and decorated the temples that enshrined them
B. much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined
C. much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images as well as constructing and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined
D. creating images of Buddha accounted for much of the local artisans' creative energy, and also constructing and decorating the temples enshrining them
E. the creation of Buddha images accounted for much of the local artisans' creative energy as well as construction and decoration of the temples that enshrined them
题目释义： …energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined.
考点：
平行结构（parallelism） 逻辑意思（logical predication） 习惯用法（idiom）
1. and前后要平行
2. expend固定搭配：expend sth. in/on (doing) sth.
3. enshrine习惯用法：enshrine in或be enshrined in (enshrine通常用被动语态)
选项分析：
A. for the creation of Buddha images和when they constructed不平行; they constructed中constructed应该用被动语态；expend for搭配错误；temples enshrine them的用法unidiomatic，enshrine通常用被动语态
B. correct；大平行夹着小平行，因为which指代temples，所以they就无歧义的指向之前唯一一个复数名词images
C. A as well as B有主次顺序，A是主要的，B是次要的，改变句意；construct有专门的名词construction，不应该用—ing形式，而且要平行也要在前面加个on。
D. construct和decorate有专门对应的名词；and前后也不平行；temples enshrine them的用法unidiomatic，enshrine通常用被动语态
E. as well as错误同C；平行少on；temples enshrine them的用法unidiomatic，enshrine通常用被动语态
228. (GWD-8-Q2)
Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.
A. Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted
B. Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both
C. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, who produced a body of work rooted
D. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted
E. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both
题目释义： Jazz pianist and composer TM produced a body of work that was rooted in s-p tradition of WS and DE, yet …
考点：
平行结构（parallelism） 逻辑意思（logical predication）
1. both…and平行结构，正确的搭配是Both X and Y 或 Both in X and in Y.
2. 关于职位、称号的同位语的用法，见补充说明
选项分析：
A. 用非限定性定语从句不如用同位语简洁；both…and…结构不完整。
B. Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer不如Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk简洁；both错误同A。
C. “, who…Duke Ellington,…”，句子结构变成了“主语+定语从句+转折句”，中间没有谓语。
D. Correct；
E. both错误同A
补充说明：
关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer）--摘自Manhattan：
1. if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describing what that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use a comma. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。
example:
Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
注意：
(1)if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for the first time, then you DON'T use a comma. 但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗号的
example:
The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.
--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma.
(2)if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.
example ：
Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.
--> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use a comma to single him out.
2. if there's an indefinite article (a/an) , you DO use a comma. 如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号。
example
A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
3. if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma. 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号。
example:
Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
229. (T-9-Q34)
Just like the background in art history needed by an archaeologist in order to evaluate finds of ancient art, the nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks.
A. Just like the background in art history needed by an archaeologist in order to evaluate finds of ancient art, the
B. Just as an archaeologist who needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, a
C. Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a
D. Like the archaeologist who evaluates finds of ancient art and requires a background in art history, so the
E. As evaluating finds of ancient art requires an archaeologist who has a background in art history, so the
题目释义： Just as an archaeologist needs a BG in …, so a nautical archaeologist needs knowledge of…
考点：
习惯用语（idiom）
1. just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…
*: 这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…
*: just as with和just like都是很wordy的
2. 下面五种形式都对（后三种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。
Just as A do, B do.
A do, just as B do.
Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap
l so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)
l as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)：
(1) As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.
(2) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.
就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。
(3) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.
正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。
(4) As with what I said, he failed again.
正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。
但用于 GMAT 语法中，需要有其他结构与之平行 :
大全938. With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.
单纯的 as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth. 结构错误，应该用 as is the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.
prep 1-39 As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health related items.
l in the same way that…, as/so…也是错误结构
l like…, so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的
3. to和in order to的比较：（prep1-13 1-65 1-144）
(1) in order to不如to简洁，但是in order to有强调含义，所以未必错。
prep1-101 Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution.
(2) in order for sth. to do/be，in order that和in order to do sth.都可以。
I am saving money in order that I can buy a house. 我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。
(3) in order to 不能做主语，只能做状语；不定式可以做主语，因为它可以做名词成分。
(4) in order to因为只做状语，所以不会修饰前面名词，to do可以做定语，所以有修饰前面名词的功能。
Prep1-13 Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers.
(5) in order to和to都不用考虑逻辑主语。
Prep1-1 To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets.
201. To be successful, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should begin within one to four minutes after a cardiac arrest.
957. In order to protect the public, by law only a qualified physician can prescribe medicine.
Manhattan CR： To help regulate the internal temperature of the tree, the outermost layers of wood of the Brazilian ash often peel away when the temperature exceeds 95 degrees Fahrenheit, leaving the tree with fewer rings than it would otherwise have.
选项分析：
A. just like表达wordy； the background和the nautical archaeologist不平行；in order to不如to简洁
B. just as后面没有so/as/so too搭配，比较结构错误；just as后面句子主谓不完整
C. correct
D. like…, so…比较结构错误；evaluates finds of ancient art and requires a background in art history打破了原来的目的状语结构，evaluate应该是requires a BG in art history的目的
E. as…, so...比较结构错误；前一个分句更改原句合理句意；as…,so…逻辑上前后不平行
补充说明：
一个类似 just as 的结构—by aeoluseros
what = just as,意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句
(1) 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词 to 表示两者的关系)
(2) 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词 for 表示“供…使用”）
(3) what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
(4) 需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替换，just as需要有遵循属于自己的平行比较格式。
如下题OG12-58：
A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism.
(A) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what
(B) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like
(C) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as
(D) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to
(E) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what
Idiom; Logical predication
A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment describes Adam Smith, not his two books, so the name of Adam Smith must immediately follow the opening phrase. The comparison between Smith’s books and Marx’s book is expressed as a ratio, so the correct idiomatic expression is x is to y what a is to b.
A The opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it describes Smith, not his books.
B The opening phrase is a dangling modifier; like is an incorrect word for making the comparison.
C The opening phrase is a dangling modifier; just as is an incorrect term for the comparison.
D Similar to is an incorrect conclusion to the comparison introduced by are to.
E Correct. The opening phrase is followed by the subject that it modifi es, Adam Smith, and the comparison of the two men’s work is presented idiomatically.
230. (T-4-Q4)
Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A. Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win
B. She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 became the first woman as well as the first Swedish writer that won
C. Selma Lagerlöf was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909 she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winning
D. A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win
E. As a novelist, Selma Lagerlöf turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and also the first Swedish writer that won
题目释义： A novelist who…, Selma Lagerlöf became…writer to win…
考点：
逻辑意思（logical predication） 习惯用语（idiom）
1. 分词短语与逻辑主语之间插入东西不好。
2. the first…to do something：“数词+不定式”，惯用法。
选项分析：
A. in 1909放在Selma前面不好，turning away的修饰对象Selma被隔远了(也是一个典型错误)；in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist荒谬的说SL只有在1909年才从现实主义文学成为浪漫小说家，应该是1909年成为first woman…；and后面的多处了was使得原义变为SL是第一个女人，意思不对，应去掉was
B. She无指代，and novelist Selma使得两个分句分裂成两个人的事；turn away from…to…改为了from…and…少了“弃前取后”的逻辑关系；as well as有主次之分，分开了first woman和first Wewdish writer的平等关系，使得that仅指代了Swedish writer，使得前面became the first woman成为第一个女人，意思不对
C. the first…winning习惯用法错误；in addition的存在同样使句子含义犯了成为“第一个女人”的错误。
D. Correct；在这里如果去掉了also反而不好了，如果就X and Y，一般是用于指两个不同的人，如果有了 also ，一般指的是对同一个对象的两个描述，不过去掉also问题也不大；first woman和first Swedish writer必须平起平坐(凭这点就能排除A,B,C)；the first…to do sth正确用法
E. from…and错误同B；in 1909的位置不好，最好是放在becoming后面；that不能指代人；句子逻辑上主次颠倒了，重心放到了前半部分。
补充说明：
who, whom只能指人，不可指物（如language，要用which指代）； which只能指物，不可指人
传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)
OG11-130里面说that不能指代人，只能用who来指代。(虽然现代英语用法中that可以用于不同情形下)
