说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
101. (29937-!-item-!-188;#058&004052)
Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate
to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world,
and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution.
(A) that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward
more lax attitudes about pollution
(B) that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide toward more lax
attitudes about pollution
(C) that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of
wanting to maintain competitiveness
(D) that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a
result of wanting to maintain competition
(E) that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward an
attitude about pollution that is more lax
句子结构：Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that… and that…
主语是Many environmentalists and some economists，谓语是say，后跟由that引导的两个并列宾语
从句。
考点：平行对称、逻辑表达、动词形式、简洁有效
1) 并列结构-宾语从句，say 后接宾语从句，必须由 that 引导，并列的宾语从句 that 不可以省略。
2) 逻辑表达-修饰歧义，定语从句修饰紧临的名词。
3) 动词形式-原文时态不应随意改变，如果选项将时态没有理由的进行了改变，即改变了原句要表达
的时间关系。
4) 简洁有效，in order to do 等于不定式 to do，是表达目的的最好方式，常见一些错误的表达方式
如 because of doing sth, a result of doing sth。
(A) 正确，say 后跟两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句；in order to do sth 表达目的。
B: for doing sth 表达目的的方式错误；改变了原句完成时态。
(C) 介词 because of 后加名词表原因，改变了原句表达目的的意思；wanting to do 等于 to do，不简
洁。
(D) doing sth is a result of doing sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。
(E) that 引导的定语从句修饰对象错误，根据原句意思应该修饰 attitudes，但在 E 中错误地修饰
pollution；wanting to do sth is making sb do sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。
102. (29983-!-item-!-188;#058&004080)
Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible that high-definition digital video
cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to 35-millimeter
film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.
(A) it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of
fidelity that nearly compares to
(B) it possible to have high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of
fidelity almost like that with
(C) it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity
nearly comparable to that of
(D) possible high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity
almost like
(E) possible high-definition digital video cameras able to capture material with a degree of fidelity
that nearly compares to that with
句子结构：Recent breakthrough… have made it possible for… to do… and to do…
主语是breakthrough，谓语是have made，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的不定式结构to capture
and to project。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、简洁有效
1) 比较-比较对象对等，compare, like等词连接比较相同对象时，要由that或those指代，否则会使比
较对象不对等。
2) 句子结构-it作形式宾语，注意形式宾语的格式及用法，及物动词+it+宾语补语+不定式，动词有find,
deem, make等（详见补充材料1）。
3) 逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，注意原句使用形式宾语所强调的内容，在本句中make possible的
是cameras to capture material而不是have cameras，不能改变原句的合理重心。
4) 简洁有效，形容词作定语比that引导的定语从句更简洁。
(A) compare to的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(B) 第一个that引导定语从句修饰cameras，改变原句强调重心；第二个that的位置不正确，应该置于
almost like前面；介词with应为of，即that(fidelity) of 35-millimeter film。
(C) 正确，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式结构to capture material with a degree of fidelity；
cameras的fidelity与35-millimeter film的fidelity比较。
(D) 缺少形式宾语it；like的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(E) 缺少形式宾语it；宾语从句谓语不完整，应为bable to do；that nearly compares to从句修饰fidelity
不及形容词comparable作定语简洁。
补充说明：
1、形式宾语（先行宾语），用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到句子后部去。三种用法：
1）代词不定式
He makes it a rule to give short speeches.
2）代表that引起的从句（that有时省略）
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
3）代表连接代（副）词引起的从句
He soon made it clear why he had asked for a conference.
2、fidelity: noun. the quality of being accurate精确性，准确性
103. (30029-!-item-!-188;#058&004082)
Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
become an invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal
Nature.
(A) because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
(B) because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
(C) being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will
(D) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
(E) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become
句子结构：Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become…,
according to…
主语是 being genetically engineered，谓语是 does not make，宾语是 a plant，any more likely 是形
容词作宾语补语。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、简洁有效
句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，并且只能有一个主句主语，本题是动名词作主语。
指代一致-单复数一致，注意未划线部分句子的名词或谓语动词单复数形式，要前后保持一致。
简洁有效，Likely 用法: sth be likely to do…, likely that…（由 it 作形式主语 it is likely that…）两种
用法都正确，但前者更简洁。
(A) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语；未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant
来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。
(B) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语。
(C) 未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。
(D) 正确，动名词 being 作主语，谓语是 does not make。
(E) make 后缺少形式宾语 it，more likely to do 更加简洁。
补充说明：
1、主语表示法
主语可以用下面这些成分表示：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组、从句、名词化的其它词
类、动名词。
2、动词句型-五种基本句型
句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，英语的五种基本句型如下：
1）主语+不及物动词：S+Vi
The little girl smiled.
2）主语+及物动词+宾语：S+Vt+O
She knows English.
3）主语+（双宾）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：S+Vt+Oi+Od
He told us a story.
4）主语+系动词+表语（补语）：S+V+C
She looked delighted.
5）主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语：S+V+O+C
The news made us sad.
104. (30075-!-item-!-188;#058&004088)
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but the United States uses the
term when referring only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82
kilograms (180 pounds).
(A) the United States uses the term when referring
(B) the United States term refers
(C) in the United States the term refers
(D) in the United States they use the term as it refers
(E) it is used in the United States when referring
句子结构：In Britain, ”pig” refers to…, but in the United States the term refers to…
并列句第一个句子的主语是pig，谓语是refers to，宾语是any member，第二个句子的主语是the term，
谓语是refers to，宾语是youngers swine，not yet ready for market是形容作后置定语，weighing less
than 82 kilograms是现在分词作后置定语，都是用来修饰名词younger swine的。
考点：平行对称、指代一致、逻辑表达、句子结构
平行对称，but 连接两个并列（转折含义）句子，尽量在形式上能保持平行；留意未划线部分句子的
用词，避免与划线部分产生错误的平行结构，导致句子有歧义。
代词指代，句中的代词必须有合理明确的指代对象。
逻辑表达-维持原意，原句中的状语或定语不能随意互换，以保持原句意思。
句子结构，介词只跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，由连词连接句子。
(A) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
(B) the United States term改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是同一个term，在不同国家的含义。
(C) 正确，the term指”pig”。
(D) 复数代词they没有指代对象；use sth as中的as是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子。
(E) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
105. (30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information
with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general
accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its
customers to keep records private.
(A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep
(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep
(C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping
(E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
句子结构：Even though…, the state’ attorney general accused the bank of engaging in… by failing
to…
主语是 attorney，谓语是 accused，宾语是 the bank，of engaging in…是介词短语作宾语补语。
考点：简洁有效、习惯用法
简洁有效，当 because of, by doing, because, due to, by + 名词等在选项句首，第一选择是 because
连词，其次是 by doing，因为动词比名词更能表达的意思更完整。
习惯用法，promise to do sth 或者 promise that…
(A) 正确，by doing to do 表示 engage in deceptive business practice 的方式；promise 的习惯用法
是 promise to do sth 或者 promise that…，而不是 promise of doing 或 in doing sth。
(B) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(C) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。
(D) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(E) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。
106. (30167-!-item-!-188;#058&004112)
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a
substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far
less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.
(A) more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1
grams, is far less than
(B) more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far
lighter than
(C) as a substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams,
far less than
(D) as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of only 8.1 grams is
far lighter than it is for
(E) as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1
grams, is far less than it is for
句子结构：Officials believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used as a substitute for… more
than for… because it weighs…
主语是 officials，谓语是 believe，宾语是由 that 引导的宾语从句。
考点：比较、指代一致
比较，less/more + adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，介词不可省略；more… than 经常会出现 rather
than 作为混淆；如果比较结构中的 than 前面有多个名词，than 后面需要补充出介词以避免产生
歧义。
指代，单数代词 it 在句中指代出现过的名词，要注意逻辑意思是否合理。
(A) more… rather than 搭配错；its weitht 和后面 four quarters 比较对象不对等。
(B) more as… than the dollar，the dollar 和前面比较对象有歧义。
(C) 正确，介词短语 a substitute for… more than for…形式上并列。
(D) more than 后面省略介词 for 使句子产生歧义；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能
指代 its weight，因为原句是将 dollar 的 weight 和 for quarter 的 weight 进行比较，两个 weight 不同，
如果用 it 指代，则不符合逻辑。
(E) more… rather than 搭配错；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能指代 its weight，
原因同选项 D。
107. (30213-!-item-!-188;#058&004113)
Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately
placing more women in leadership positions in politics and business.
(A) Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing
(B) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will
ultimately place
(C) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will
ultimately place
(D) It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend
ultimately placing
(E) It is expected for women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will
ultimately place
句子结构：The majority of students… are expected to be woman, a trend that…
主语是 the majority，谓语是 are expected to，a trend that 是同位语从句。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、逻辑表达
句子结构-（概括性）同位语，a trend 概括前面描述的现象。
指代一致-which 指代，which 和同位语结构同时出现，表明应该用同位语结构，因为 which 不能指代
前面整个句子。
逻辑表达-修饰，分词和 that 从句修饰一个名词，要看从句是否有表达分词不能表达的逻辑含义，如
果是则选从句，反之选分词修饰更加简洁。
(A) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含
义。
(B) correct，用 that 定语从句修饰同位语 trend，清楚地表明了要发生的动作。
(C) which 不能指代前面整个句子。
(D) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含
义；it is expected that…的表达不简洁。
(E) which 不能指代前面整个句子；it is expected for sb to…的表达不简洁。
补充说明：同位语
1、同位结构的特征
1）起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；
2）必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；
3）位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；
4）不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；
5）同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。
2、同位结构的形式
1）名词性同位语：名词解释名词。N., n.; n., a/an + n.或 a/an + n., n.; the + n., n.（前面的 the + n
为同位结构）
2）内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象
名词进行具体化解释（注意与 of 结构的区别）
3）概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，a program/information/an
effort/a practice that...
4）名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that 定语从句
5）代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that 定语从句
108. (30307-!-item-!-188;#058&004171)
According to a new report by the surgeon general, women with less than a high school education
had three times the likelihood that they would begin smoking as women who went to college.
(A) had three times the likelihood that they would begin smoking
(B) had three times the likelihood of beginning smoking
(C) were three times more likely to begin to smoke
(D) were three times more likely that they would begin to smoke
(E) were three times as likely to begin smoking
句子结构：According to…, women… were three times as likely to… as women…
主语是women，系动词were，表语是three times as likely to…。
考点：比较
比较-倍数，倍数比较的正确表达方式为：…times（或数字）+as+形容词或副词+as…，注意as…as…
的固定搭配，more…as…是常见混淆选项。
(A) 比较结构不完整，未划线部分的as后面跟的是名词，所以as为介词，完整的形式应该为as+形容
词…as…。
(B) 错误与A选项相同；likelihood后接that从句与likelihood of doing sth两种表达方式都正确。
(C) 比较结构搭配错误，more likely to…应该跟than，而不是as。
(D) 错误与C选项相同。
E: 正确，倍数+as+形容词+as。
109. (30353-!-item-!-188;#058&004189)
The discovery of glass being expandable and able to be shaped by human breath revolutionized
glassworking to such an extent that today "glassblowing" has become the generic term for all
glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.
(A) of glass being expandable and able to be
(B) of glass that is capable of expansion and
(C) of glass being capable of expansion and that it can be
(D) that glass can be expanded and it is able to be
(E) that glass can be expanded and
句子结构：The discovery that… revolutionized glassworking to such an extent that…
主语是discovery，后跟that引导的主语同位语从句，谓语是revolutionized，宾语是glassworking，to
such an extent是宾语补语，that引导定语从句修饰名词extent。
考点：句子结构、简洁有效
句子结构
1） 同位语从句，名词+that同位语从句结构常被名词+of being混淆，将that位置改变，使引
导定语从句，改变句子强调重心。
2） 连词and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与从
句并列。
简洁有效-省略，句子的并列谓语如果都有be动词，要注意其功能是否相同。相同功能的be动词才可
以省略，不同功能的不可以省略。
(A) discovery后面应该跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；being expandable与able to be shaped不
平行。
(B) that引导的定语从句修饰glass，改变了句子强调重心；is capable of expansion与shaped不平行，
再者shaped前面省略的is应该是被动语态中的助动词，与is capable of的系动词is功能不同，这种省
略是错误的。
(C) discovery后面应该跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；and that没有并列对象。
(D) and连接独立的句子，所以it is able to be shaped…无法与从句that glass can be expanded并列，
只能与主语并列，it指代discovery，不符合逻辑关系。
(E) 正确，discovery后跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；expanded和shaped并列作同位语从句的
谓语。
补充说明：同位语从句
有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。
He referred to Copernicus’s statement that the earth moves round the sun.
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.
在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。
He had no idea why she left.
110. (30399-!-item-!-188;#058&004205)
The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
(A) The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in
1900, processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first
quarter of the twentieth century.
(B) Having processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants who enter the United States in the first
quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892
and then was rebuilt in 1900.
(C) Processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter
of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892, being
rebuilt in 1900.
(D) First opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island
processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of
the twentieth century.
(E) Of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the
federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of them, having first
opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900.
句子结构：First opened in…, then rebuilt in…, the federal immigration station… processed…
immigrants entering…
主语是the federal immigration station，由并列的两个过去分词定语opened in, rebuilt in修饰，谓语是
processed，宾语是immigrants，entering…是现在分词作后置定语修饰名词immigrants。
(A) which引导定语从句修饰主语immigration station，句子缺少谓语，现在分词processing应改为谓
语动词形式processed。
(B) 句子谓语结构不完整，主语为the federal immigration station，谓语应该是被动语态was opened
（后面的was rebuilt与其并列）；将原句修饰主语的定语成分first opened and then was rebuilt变为
句子谓语，改变了句子强调重心；who引导的修饰immigrants的定语从句与原句的分词后置定语
entering作用相同，但时间状语in the first quarter of the twentieth century所表达的是过去，应该用过
去时态who entered…。
(C) 句子主语是the federal immigration station，opened in 1892, being rebuilt in 1900两个并列的分
词结构只能作定语修饰主语，从而句子缺少谓语。
(D) 正确，句子句子主语是the federal immigration station，由两个过去分词定语修饰，谓语是
processed。
(E) 分词结构having first opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900距离其修饰对象主语the federal
immigration station太远，导致修饰不清，而且其结构也不正确，应用被动形式having been opened…；
of all immigrants…, the…station processed three quarter of them的表达不简洁。
考点：句子结构、动词形式、逻辑表达
句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，谓语动词的被动语态要完整，注意助动词be。
动词形式-时态（一般过去时），分词或不定式作定语时没有时态问题存在，但从句作定语时要注意
时态问题，与时间状语保持一致。
逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，原句的定语或状语与谓语之间不能随意改变，以免导致句子的强调重
心改变。
逻辑表达-修饰，定语应该紧临其所修饰的名词或代词（如果前面有逗号隔开的插入语存在，可以跳
跃修饰插入语前面的名词或代词），否则容易产生修饰歧义；现在分词在句尾一般有两种功能：
作整个句子的伴随状语；作后置定语修饰紧临的名词。
111. (30445-!-item-!-188;#058&004235)
Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently translated works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, which remained almost unknown outside his native Denmark.
(A) Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well
as several autobiographies, which remained
(B) Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which, while among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies remain
(C) Even as Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, still his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
(D) Unlike the fairy tales written by Hans Christian Andersen, which are some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, which remained
(E) Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently
translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
句子结构：Although…, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, …, remain almost unknown…
主语是plays, novels, poems, and travel books，系动词是remain，表语是unknown。that引导定语从
句修饰名词fairy tales（状语从句的宾语）。
考点：逻辑表达、比较、简洁有效
逻辑表达-修饰（定语从句），限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别（详见补充说明）
逻辑表达-合理的句子意思，注意分析原句所要表达的意思，选择适当的连词引导状语从句表达从句
与主句之间准确的逻辑关系，本题中注意区分although, even as, while的区别。
比较，unlike比较结构的对象要对等。
简洁有效，在表达“是最…之一”时用among the most…。
(A) which引导非限定性定语从句，在本句中不恰当，应该用that引导非限定性定语从句来修饰fairy
tales；while在句中表达的是“在…期间，当…时候”的意思，不符合逻辑。
(B) which引导的修饰fairy tales的定语从句缺少谓语动词，while位置错误，应该置于his plays前面。
(C) even as所表达的含义与原句不同，even as是“正当，恰好在…时候”，有at the same time的意思，
而原句表达的是让步转折含义；将原句定语从句内容fairy tales that…改变为句子谓语’s fairy tales
have been…，改变原句强调重心。
(D) Unlike的比较对象不对等（the fairy tales与he对比）；两个which修饰对象都不清楚；be some of
the most…的表达方式不如be among the most…准确。
(E) 正确，although引导让步状语从句，其主语是Han Christian Andersen，谓语是wrote，宾语是由
that引导的从语从句所修饰的名词fairy tales；整个句子的主语是his plays, novels, poems, and travel
books，系动词是remain。
补充说明：限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句
这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子
意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic
growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林
作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有
限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，
也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。
另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。例
如：
Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a
flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . （此句中，非限定性
定语从句是对先行词 a sphere 进行补充、说明。）更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他
们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
112. (30491-!-item-!-188;#058&004240)
Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a greater
difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there is between members
of different breeds.
(A) is often a greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there
is
(B) is often more difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as to find
one
(C) is often a greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than
(D) are often greater differences in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there
are
(E) are often greater differences in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than
there is
句子结构：there is often a greater difference… between… than between…
考点：比较、有效用词
比较，比较结构中的固定搭配包括：A as… as… or adj.er than B; A at least as adj.er as B。常见的
错误用法有：A as… or adj.er than B（少 as）; as…as compared to; as… than compared to; as…
than…；比较对象的主语和谓语相同时，在不影响句子意思理解的情况下，可以省略相同部分，
使句子更加简洁。
有效用词，difference 在表达 the way in which two people or things are not like each other; the way in
which sb/sth has changed“差别，差异；不同（之处）；变化（之处）”时即可用作可数名词，又
可用作不可数名词，注意谓语动词的单复数要保持一致。
(A) greater… as…搭配错误，应该是greater…than…；as后面的there is多余，可以省略不影响句子
理解。
(B) more… as…搭配错误，应该是more… than…，to find one比较对象不对等；one不能指代不可数
名词difference；
(C) 正确，greater difference between… than between…介词短语比较对象。
(D) difference在该选项中用作可数名词，所以用复数形式；greater… as…搭配错误，应该是great…
than…；than后面的there are多余，可以省略不影响句子理解。
(E) difference在该选项中用作可数名词，所以用复数形式；than后面的there is多余，可以省略不影
响句子理解，而且前面用复数are，后面用单数is，单复数也不一致。
补充说明：
one/ones（语法说明）： 用以避免重复可数名词，在正式谈话或书面语中，不应使用。不能用以取代
不可数名词，与抽象可数名词连用也很少见。
113. (30537-!-item-!-188;#058&004273)
Thunderclouds form when warm, moist air rises into cooler air above, because either the ground is
warmer than usually or because the interaction of two air masses, one warm and one cold, forces
warm air to rise.
(A) because either the ground is warmer than usually or because
(B) because either the ground is warmer than usual or because of
(C) because of either the ground being warmer than usual or because
(D) either because of the ground's being warmer than usually or because of
(E) either because the ground is warmer than usual or because
句子结构：Thunderclouds form when…, either because… or because…
主语是thunderclouds，谓语是form，when引导状语从句，后跟两个由because引导的并列原因状语
从句，由固定搭配either… or… 连接。
考点：平行、简洁有效
平行-从句，either… or…连接的并列结构形式要平行。
简洁有效，表示原因时用 because 引导从句的形式比用 because of 介词短语的方式更有效，因为动
词表达的意思比名词更准确。
(A) 第一个because应该置于either的后面。
(B) 第一个because应该置于either的后面，either… or…连接对象不平行，前者是because引导的从
句，后者是because of介词短语。
(C) 第一个because of应该置于either的后面；either… or…连接对象不平行，前者是because of介词
短语，后者是because引导的从句；because of… being的表达方式不正确。
(D) because of介词短语的表达方式不如because引导从句的方式简洁；the ground’s being warmer
与the interaction不平行。
(E) 正确，either… or…连接because引导的并列原因状语从句。
114. (30583-!-item-!-188;#058&004275)
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring from
their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more than when retiring completely.
(A) more than when retiring
(B) more than if they were to retire
(C) more so than those who retired
(D) which was more so than those retiring
(E) which was more than if they had retired
句子结构：study found that… women… reported high marital satisfaction, more so than those…
主语是study，谓语是found，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明found的内容。
考点：比较、逻辑表达、平行对称
比较，相同比较对象对比，第二个名词由相应的代词指代，要注意单复数形式。
逻辑表达-维持原句意思，比较结构中的代词指代对象要注意是否符合逻辑意思，并且是否表达了原
句所要表达的意思。
平行-定语从句，在比较句子中比较对象的修饰成分最好用相同的表达方式，以使句子更加平行对称。
(A) 缺少指代women的代词，致使more than的比较对象不对等，satisfaction与when retiring对比。
(B) they指代前面的women，表达意思错误，因为if they were to retire表达了同一群妇女不同情况下
的satisfaction对比，改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是不同妇女不同情况下的satisfaction对比；more
than前后不平行。
(C) 正确，those指代women，who took和who retired平行。
(D) which与so都指代satisfaction，重复；
(E) they指代前面的women，表达意思错误，与A选项相同；没有特殊的时间标志说明需要用过去完
成时had retired。
115. (30629-!-item-!-188;#058&004284)
Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in
societies where they consume little salt, their blood pressure typically does not rise with age.
(A) shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their
(B) shown that in societies that have consumed little salt, their
(C) shown that in societies where little salt is consumed,
(D) they showed that in societies where little salt is consumed,
(E) they showed that in societies where they consume little salt, their
句子结构：Many population studies have linked… and shown that…
主语是studies，谓语是have shown，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明show的内容。
考点：指代一致、逻辑表达、简洁有效
指代一致，they/their 在句子中必须有明确的指代对象，即句中出现过的复数名词，而不能暗指“大众
群体”；相同的代词在同一个句子中必须指代相同的名词，使代词指代一致以避免产生歧义。
逻辑表达-修饰，定语通常只就近修饰最近的名词或代词，要注意句意是否合理，并且维持原句意思。
简洁有效，主语相同的并列句可以省略第二个主语，使成为并列谓语的句子，更简洁有效。
(A) they和their没有指代对象。
(B) that引导的定语从句修饰就近的名词societies，逻辑意思不合理；their没有指代对象。
(C) 正确，where引导定语从句修饰societies。
(D) they指代对象不清楚（应该指代studies，但有指代rates的歧义），而且多余，应该是主语studies
后跟两个并列谓语have linked and shown。
(E) 第一个they指代对象不清楚，而且多余，理由与D选项相同；第二个they和their没有指代对象（按
照理解应该是“大众群体”），与第一个they的指代对象不一致。
116. (30675-!-item-!-188;#058&004285)
India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different
styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes
of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul
food of the north.
(A) with each a product of their
(B) with each as a product of its
(C) each products of their
(D) each a product of
(E) each products of
句子结构：India,…, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises… styles of cooking, each
a product of…, from… to…
冒号后面的句子主语是Indian food，谓语是comprises，宾语是many different styles of cooking，后
跟独立主格结构，from… to… 是介词短语作定语修饰名词influence。
考点：句子结构、指代一致
句子结构-独立主格，each+noun. +prep. 独立主格结构，注意不需要 with 或 as。
指代一致-单复数，代词 each, every 等表达“每个”意思，后面应该跟单数可数名词。
(A) with多余；each a product后面应该对应单数代词its，而不是their。
(B) with多余；as多余。
(C) each后面应该跟单数名词product，和单数代词its，而不是复数。
(D) 正确，each+noun. +prep. 独立主格结构。
(E) each后面应该跟单数名词product。
补充说明：独立主格结构
独立主格结构的形式（摘自白勇语法）
（1） 一般独立主格：名词+名词，名词+形容词，名词+分词，名词+介词
（2） 逻辑紧密型独立主格：with+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
（3） 强调型独立主格：each+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
独立主格本身无谓语，而依附于主句谓语，起状语作用，放在句首或句尾。
GMAC 很喜欢独立主格结构作为正确答案，切记。
独立主格与同位语的区别
独立主格是句子的一种结构, 比如主句（必要结构）和从句也都是句子的一种结构。
同位语是基于词的位置和作用对于名词的一种定义，比如可以有同位语从句，同位语也可以出现在独
立主格中。
117. (30721-!-item-!-188;#058&004288)
The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what is
estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.
(A) it will probably have what is estimated as
(B) they are likely to have
(C) the country will probably have
(D) there will probably be
(E) there will be an estimated
句子结构：The population… has been increasing…, and the country will have…
考点：指代一致、平行对称、简洁有效
指代一致，结合原文要表达的意思，确定代词的指代对象及单复数。
平行对称-谓语，注意未划线部分句子给的提示，尤其是连词和代词，如 and、it 等，使划线部分与未
划线部分保持结构平行、单复数及指代一致。
(A) it指代对象错误，在本选项中it指代population，而原意应该指代India；what is estimated as的表
达方式啰嗦，而且与probably意思上有重复，被动语态也不能清楚地表达施动对象，要慎用；estimate
用作动词“估计，估算”时后面常跟介词at，而不是as，estimate sth (at sth)。
(B) they没有指代对象。
(C) 正确，probably简洁地表达了“可能”的意思。
(D) there be结构无法与未划线部分句子的and surpass连接。
(E) 原因与D选项相同。
118. (30767-!-item-!-188;#058&004308)
It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high
praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
(A) It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it
moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper
won high praise
(B) It was only after Katharine Graham's becoming publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it
moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and under her command it had won high praise
(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that did it
move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command
(D) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham became its
publisher in 1963, The Washington Post, winning high praise under her command
(E) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham's becoming its
publisher in 1963, The Washington Post won high praise under her command
句子结构：It was after… that it moved into…, and it was under… that the paper won…
这是两个并列的强调句，it指代The Washington Post。
原句的意思是：是在 Katharine Graham 成为邮报出版者后，该报纸才挤身美国主流报纸；是在
Katharine Graham 的带领下，该报纸赢得了高度评价。
考点：句子结构、平行对称、指代一致、简洁有效
句子结构-强调句，“it+be 动词+强调部分+who(m)或 that+其他部分”。
平行对称-句子，由 and 引导的并列句，如果表达平行的含义，尽量在形式上也保持对称。
指代一致-that 指代，代词 that 只能指代名词，不能指代动词。
简洁有效，介词+ one’s +doing 的表达方式不如直接用动词更有效；
(A) 正确，由and连接的两个并列的强调句，注意此处两个并列结构中的it不是形式主语，而是强调结
构中的it。
(B) Katharine Graham’s becoming的表达方式不及直接用谓语动词的表达方式更简洁有效；and连接
的两个句子不平行，前者是强调句，后者不是。
(C) that指代错误，因为代词that只能指代名词，而在此句中要表达的意思是after became…，需要指
代动词became；句尾的现在分词结构having won high praise under her command有就近修饰名词
American newspapers的歧义。
(D) 句子主语是The Washington Post，由句首的现在分词状语结构moving into…修饰，句尾的
winning high praise under her command也是现在分词结构，作定语修饰主语，整个句子缺少谓语。
(E) Katharine Graham’s becoming的表达方式不及直接用谓语动词的表达方式更简洁有效。
补充说明：强调结构
强调结构，即“it+be 动词+强调部分+who(m)或 that+其他部分”。
强调结构中的 it 不作句子结构中的任何成分，无所指代，故认为不与后面有所指的 it 冲突。
但形式主语（也叫先行主语）不一样，形式主语 it 指代了句子的真正主语（真正的主语在句子后部），
因为有所指，所以句子中如果再出现其它有所指的 it，就冲突了。
119. (30813-!-item-!-188;#058&004319)
Due to automobile-related jobs in the 1920's employing one of every eight workers, the automobile industry dominated the American economy.
(A) Due to automobile-related jobs in the 1920's employing one of every eight workers, the
automobile industry dominated the American economy.
(B) One out of every eight workers were employed in automobile-related jobs in the 1920's, with the
American economy being dominated by the automobile industry.
(C) The automobile industry dominated the American economy in the 1920's, with one of every
eight workers having been employed in automobile-related jobs.
(D) In the 1920's, the automobile industry had dominated the American economy, when one out of
every eight workers was employed in an automobile-related job.
(E) In the 1920's, the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with one out of every
eight workers employed in an automobile-related job.
句子结构：the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with… employed…
主语是industry，谓语是dominated，宾语是the American economy，后跟独立主格结构。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达、动词形式、习惯用语
句子结构-独立主格结构，with+名词+现在分词。
逻辑表达
1） 修饰，时间状语的位置不可随便变动，以免引起修饰歧义；
2） 维持原句强调重心，原句的主谓结构及修饰成分不应随意改变，以保持原句强调重心；
动词形式-过去完成时，in the 1920’s“在…年代”表达过去的时间，用过去完成时态。
习惯用语，表达“每…”用 one of out every+数字，而不是 one of every+数字。
(A) employing的逻辑主语是jobs，不符合逻辑，应该是industry；时间状语in the 1920’s的位置不正确，
存在歧义，可能是jobs in the 1920’s，也可能是in the 1920’s employing…。
(B) with the American economy being dominated的表达方式不如直接用动词形式更简洁有效，而且
被动语态的表达方式也不够清楚；原句的主谓语the automobile industry dominated…变成了修饰成
分，改变了原句强调重心。
(C) 时间状语in the 1920’s的位置不正确，应该置于句首修饰整个句子；one of every eight workers
与原句要表达的one out of every eight workers不同，前者是“八人中的一人”，而后者是“每八人中就
有一人”；with… having been…的表达方式不清楚。
(D) in the 1920’s是过去的时间，应该用过去时态，而不是过去完成时态；由when引导时间状语从句，
改变了原句所要表达的意思。
(E) 正确，with one out of every eight workers employed in…是独立主格结构。
补充说明：
独立主格结构，详见116题补充说明。
120. (30859-!-item-!-188;#058&004335)
Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.
(A) Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting
(B) Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands
into a red giant and eventually ejects
(C) As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it
will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting
(D) As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will
expand into a red giant and will eventually eject
(E) As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its
core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject
句子结构：As would be the case with…, once the Sun exhausts…, it will expand into… and eject…
once是连词。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、指代一致、平行
比较
1） 比较的常用结构 as be the case (with)…，是 as the case be 的倒装形式，其常见的错误
用法包括：as it be；than be the case；as in/with the case of；
2）like/unlike，前后比较对象对等（like/unlike 开头的强调对比的句子，主语要以进行比较
的对等的名词开头）。常见的错误用法有：比较对象不对等；as+noun；like+句子。
句子结构-连词，在表达比较的意思“像…”时，like 用作介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，
这种情况下如果要用句子表达对比，须用 as。
逻辑表达，仔细体会原句所要表达的含义，确定使用分词结构还是动词形式。
指代一致，（指示）代词 it 不能指向所有格形式上的名词。
平行-错误平行，看到 and 要特别注意句中是否有正确的平行对象，句中是否应该出现平行对称结构，
该平行结构是否符合原句所要表达的意思。
(A) like是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，只有连词才可以连接句子；该选项中现在分
词结构ejecting在句尾作状语，表示伴随结果，所表达的同时发生的意思不如用and连接的并列谓语更
准确，因为后者能准确表达先后发生的意思（由eventually可知）。
(B) star 与 hydrogen 比较对象不对等；it 错误地指代 hydrogen，应该指代 Sun，但在该选项中 Sun
是以所有格形式出现的，it 无法指向所有格形式的 Sun；被动语态的表达不如主动语态更清楚。
(C) as in the case…的表达方式不正确；it错误地指代hydrogen，原因与选项B相同；and ejecting没
有平行对象。
(D) it错误地指代hydrogen，原因与选项B相同；用as连接句子表示比较也正确，但不应该用过去时态
would，应该用将来时will；被动语态的表达不如主动语态更清楚。
(E) 正确，as would be the case with…是比较结构的一种，表达比较对象的情况相同。
补充说明：指代
我们现在讨论的代词主要是：指示代词（如she、it）、物主代词（如her、its）。
这两类代词在句子中所充当的成分不同，指示代词在句中作主语或宾语，而物主代词在句中是作定语
的。
所以，指“代词无法指代所有格”这一规则更严格一点来说，应该是指示代词无法指代所有格，因为所
有格在句中也是作定语的，不同的功能，无法替代。
