PREP语法笔记1:231-240

说明：

本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。

注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。

231. (T-9-Q38)

The globalization of financial-services companies has been a boon to money launderers, because of allowing money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred to a branch in a more regulated one.

A. of allowing money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred

B. of allowing the transfer of money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction

C. it allows that money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction is transferred

D. it allows the transfer of money having been placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction (E)

E. it allows money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred

题目释义： The globalization has been a boon, because it allows sth. to be done.

考点：

习惯用语（idiom）

1. because of 通常接简单的名词

2. allow的固定搭配：

(1) allow that承认/allow for考虑到, 允许/allow sb. to do sth.允许；

(2) allow sth. to be done也是对的；

(3) allow + sb. + 动作性名词 错，allow + 动作性名词 错

选项分析：

A. because of后面累赘，混乱，awkward

B. because of后面累赘；allow sth.后所接的一长串过于累赘

C. 如果allow意为允许，则需要用allow sb. to do sth.搭配；If "allows that" did mean "permits," you'd have to change the "is transferred" to "to be transferred,"。

D. Allow sth.后所接的一长串过于累赘；having been不能做限定性修饰

E. Correct

232. (TTGWD4-Q1)

The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.

A. both dating

B. both of which have dated

C. and each has dated

D. and each one dating (A)

E. each one of which date

题目释义： A&P are the two oldest communities, both dating back at least 1000 years.

考点：

句子结构（grammatical construction） 习惯用语（idiom）

1. each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:

句子 + 复数名词结尾, each +介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式

2. 独立主格独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的、补充说明等。

选项分析：

A. correct；both dating独立主格在此表示补充说明，与each型独立主格同一原理；这里both用each来替代也可以；dating用了分词形式，其潜在时态与主句一致。

B. which指代的是two oldest surviving Pueblo communities，带入即both of two oldest surviving Pueblo communities可以发现both和two重复；date的现在完成时有潜在含义说“以后都不是追溯到1000年以前了”，要用一般现在时或者分词形式，分词形式的潜在时态与主句一致。

C. 有and作为并列连词割裂了前后关系；现在完成时错误同B

D. and后面句子不完整(fragment)

E. each one of which非限定性定语从句谓语用单数，且定从不如同位语简洁

233. (GWD-12-Q32)

Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.

A. because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for

B. because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of

C. owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold literally within reach of

D. since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting gold literally within reach for (E)

E. since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of

题目释义： P was an easy task, since X, Y, and Z put gold within reach of…

 在加州黄金淘金热时期探金是很容易的事情，冲蚀，史前冰山运动，被火山运动推到地表来的古老的产金河床把金子放到有淘金盘或铲子的人们触手可及的地方

考点：

逻辑意思（logical predication） 习惯用法（idiom）

1． 其他条件都满足的情况下，一般表示原因用because，当后面的原因是推测的时候用for最合适，当后面的原因是大家看到就知道(顺其自然)时用as/since最合适。

2． reach for sth.：伸手抓某物；reach of sb.：在某人能触及到的范围内

选项分析：

A. because of不能接句子(谓语动词是put)，且通常接简单的名词；reach for anybody含义错误

B. because of后的核心名词是erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface，而并不是”事件”，逻辑含义错误；volcanic activity并不是put gold within reach of anybody的直接原因，而是gold-breaing riverbeds thrust to the surface的直接原因，所以第三个并列名词应该是ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds而不是volcanic activity；and putting和前面的名词短语erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface逻辑上不能并列，实际上后者三个名词是Put的行为主使。

C. owing to和because of用法相似，错误亦同B中的because of；had thrust用过去完成时表示了thrust发生在主句之前，可thrust是个缓慢持续，至今仍在发生的过程，用过去完成时不合适；volcanic activity在逻辑上与erosion，prehistoric glacier movement不平行；and putting错误同B

D. since从句没有谓语动词，putting应改为put；reach for错误同A；并不是火山运动把金子放到触手可及的地方，而是被火山运动能够推到地表的河床。

E. correct；since表示顺其自然的原因，用在此最合适；erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds三者并列没有问题，三者确实都是行使put这一动作的事物，虽然前两个是抽象性名词，后者是具体的实物名词，但功能相同（难点，很容易因为这一点而排除了E）；thrust在此为过去分词

补充说明：

小技巧：对于选项比较长的句子，专业名词可以暂时忽略，就比如这里erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds三者的并列完全可以只用X,Y,AND Z来替代。

234. (GWD-24-36)

The Industrial Revolution, making it possible to mass-produce manufactured goods, was marked by their use of new machines, new energy sources, and new basic materials.

A. making it possible to mass-produce manufactured goods, was marked by their use of

B. making possible the mass production of manufactured goods, marked by the use of

C. which made it possible that manufactured goods were mass-produced, was marked by their using

D. which made possible the mass production of manufactured goods, was marked by the use of (D)

E. which made the mass production of manufactured goods possible and was marked by using

题目释义： The IR, which made possible sth., was marked by the use of X, Y, and Z.

考点：

句子结构（grammatical construction） 平行结构（parallelism）

1. make sth. adj结构中如果sth.过长，可以宾语导致：make adj. sth.。

2. and前后平行。

选项分析：

A. their无所指，若指代goods则逻辑意思错误；虽然make it possible to do sth.搭配没有问题，但to mass-produce不定式表示动作趋势，而mass-produce goods是已经发生的事实，所以用名词the mass production of manufactured goods更为恰当

B. 全句缺少谓语动词，应在marked前加was

C. 用that引导名词性成分累赘；manufactured goods were mass-produced(产品都是量产)改变原句合理含义(量产产品)；their无所指，是的by their using动作发出者不明；by one’s using累赘

D. correct；用make it possible to mass-produce或make possible the mass prodcution都没有问题

E. 整个句子只有一个主语，没有谓语；make sth. adj.中如果sth.太长通常后置到adj.后；using的动作发出者成了Industrial Revolution，不合逻辑

235. (GWD-9-Q1)

A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

A. Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

B. Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison

C. a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

D. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man (E)

E. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man

题目释义： …, Book C… -- Book NS and Book Invisible Man…

考点：

平行结构（parallelism） 逻辑意思（logical predication）

1. 主语是书，平行对称应该也是书。

2. 破折号在这里的用处是补充说明主句的内容

选项分析：

A. 破折号之前的主语是Cane这本书，后面平行的也需要对应是书而不是人，所以后面的平行错误；语法上a black american或black americans都没有错，但在此用单数更为清晰，明确指出了一本书是一个人写，而没有多个人写的歧义

B. Richard Wright's Native Son和Jean Toomer's Cane不够对称，不如E好；语法上a black american或black americans都没有错，但在此用单数更为清晰，明确指出了一本书是一个人写，而没有多个人写的歧义

C. 破折号后面的平行错误同A

D. 破折号后面的平行错误同A

E. Correct；the others being用法正确，Jean Toomer's Cane，Richard Wright's Native Son，Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man平行的最漂亮完美：不仅仅都是书，而且都用了所有格。

补充说明：

1. being+n.不一定错。本题破折号后可以还原为句子：The others are RW’s NS and RE’s IM.

2. 关于用Black Americans还是用a Black American：日常写作中用Black Americans和a Black American都可以，逻辑和语法都没有问题，GMAT家似乎倾向于使用后者，更加清晰指出一本书是一个人写。

236. (GWD-1-8 OG 12-66)

The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.

A. include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is

B. include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and

C. include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being

D. includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is (A)

E. includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is

题目释义： The 32 species are related to W and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for…

考点：

逻辑意思（logical predication） 平行结构（parallelism） 习惯用语（idiom） 主谓一致（agreement）

1. 如果前面主句是主谓宾结构(非主系表结构)，现在分词在句尾做状语。

2. grow as big as 40 feet和grow to be 30 feet long意思相同。

选项分析：

A. Correct；which指代the killer whale，grow to和is famous for平行。

B. growing做伴随状语修饰了谓语动词include及其主语the 32 species，错误；as big as和long重复，用一个就好(size和length是同一概念)。

C. growing错误同B；being+adj.错误。

D. includes应用复数形式，因为主语是the 32 species，且与其平行的谓语动词用了are；grow as错误同B。

E. includes错误同D；which从句中犯了run-on sentence错误，it应该删去。

补充说明：

OG12-66解释：

Rhetorical construction; Agreement

The subject of the sentence is the 32 species that make up the dolphin family, and the sentence makes two claims about them: Th ey are closely related, and they include the killer whale. The relative pronoun which restates the object of the second verb, reintroducing the animal known as the killer whale as the subject of a relative clause followed by two parallel verbs: can grow and is famous.

A Correct. In this concise sentence, verbs agree in number with their subjects and the relative pronoun which indicates clearly that the animal known as the killer whale is the subject of the verbs in the dependent clause.

B Changing the verb to the participial growing introduces ambiguity, because it could refer back to the subject of the sentence (32 species).

C The participial growing might refer to the 32 species; the introduction of being is unnecessarily wordy and adds nothing in terms of meaning.

D as big as is an idiomatically incorrect expression of the comparison; the plural verb form include is needed to match the plural subject the 32 species.

E It simply restates the subject of the previous phrase, introducing more words but no additional meaning; the singular verb form includes should be the plural form include.

The correct answer is A.

237. (GWD-8-Q16) (GWD-13-15)

Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.

A. Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve

B. Concerns about public health have led to the construction of three separate sewer systems between 1876 and 1904 to serve

C. Concerns about public health have led between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving

D. There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems serving (A)

E. There were concerns leading between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving

题目释义： Conerns…led to construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve Boston.

考点：

句子结构（grammatical construction） 习惯用语（idiom）

1. 表示动作的目的最好用to do，如construct sth. to do sth.。

*: for doing 是指某事物的具体用途，而 to do  则有目的的意思，但用途和目的本来就有交叉的地方，所以没有绝对规则，for doing有持久性的趋势，而to do往往是一次性行为

2. 注意时间状语修饰位置的改变也会引起句意的改变。

选项分析：

A. Correct；between 1876 and 1904修饰construction(三个系统的建造前后跨越28年)

B. lead发生在过去，不应该用现在时态（现在完成时），have lead表示了concern至今依然持续；Between 1876 and 1904有修饰systems的歧义，意思变成了systems只有在1876和1904年之间存在

C. have led时态错误，have lead表示了concern至今依然持续；Between 1876 and 1904放在lead后面修饰lead只在1876和1904年期间导致了construction，而1904年以后又导致了其他事情，改变句意；表示动作的目的用to do而不用for doing，for doing表

D. there are表示的是自然存在，不能用于concerns之前；Leading时态错

E. there are错误同D；between 1876 and 1904错误同C；for doing错误同C

补充说明：

Windmaple:

1. 时间状语通常位于句首或句尾，即便无法位于句首或句尾，也应该尽量靠向两边，不过注意一点：放句尾要小心，因为很可能前面就是个名词，然后就变定语了。

2. prep.+ n.的位置非常容易引起歧义，因为它既可以做定语也可以做状语，不管在句中还是句尾，只要是在名词后面都要特别小心。

3. 另外还见过S1 V1 that S2 V2 at the same time引起歧义的：如果at the same time逻辑上要修饰V1，而距离上却离V2更近，所以产生了修饰V2的歧义（或者有时被形容为既可以修饰V1，也可以修饰V2）。

238. (GWD-4-4)

A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.

A. as

B. than

C. that

D. of what (C)

E. at which

题目释义： A new drug is being sold for three times the price___the drug’s maker charges…

考点：

句子结构（grammatical construction） 逻辑意思（logical predication） 习惯用语（idiom）

1. times做比较时的用法

1）X times+as+adij./adv.+as

2）X times+the+n.

3）X times more than

3. charger a price for sth：That seaside hotel charges exorbitant prices during the summer holidays.

选项分析：

A. times+the+n.+as是错误用法，应该是times+as+adij./adv.+as，as不能只有单只出现

B. times+the+n.+than是错误用法；than必须要与比较级搭配

C. correct；that指代price引导限定性定语从句，这里“, per milligram,”是个插入语，要用that来连接限定性定从；虽然that在定从中做宾语，但是为了更为清晰地表达后面部分的定从地位that还是应该补出，切不可因为that没有省略就判C错

D. the drug's maker所要charges的东西就是price，所以what就是price，那么price of what就成了price of price，逻辑错误

E. price是charge的直接对象（charge a price），所以不需要再加介词，直接that即可；charge at a price是错的，sell sth. at a price倒是可以的(另外price出现在at后面常表示代价)

补充说明：

一、倍数表达法

1、twice的用法：

twice as many…as; twice as much…as;

twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what 从句 ;

*：一个大家常误会的句子：

The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）

解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.

详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。

2、用动词表达倍数：

double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)

sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);

几个永远错误的形式：

(1)produce double；

(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）

* ：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和 as 搭配 ; （差不多记住这句话就可以）

* ：过去被认为错误的 "a doubling of" "produce a doubling"  都可能对，只是"a doubling of X" 或者 "..., doubling X"这里面X不能是具体名词，例如apples, students而应该类似这样的词汇：number, amount, quantity, speed, frequency, rate (of), rates (for), price, concentration, ... （-- babybearmm）

3、…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;

4、sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)

如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

5、表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than，… time as +adj.+as”都正确

6、三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

二、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：

i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)

ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than

iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配

A do x times as adj. … x as B do

iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)

v. x-fold

vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple

239. (GWD-12-Q3)

Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse.

A. instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse

B. instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight

C. a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight

D. a star would collapse under its own weight (D)

E. its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse

题目释义： Were it not for heat and radiation, a star would collapse under its own weigth.

考点：

句子结构（grammatical construction）

1. 虚拟语气：

虚拟条件句的四种形式：

But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….

= If it were not / (had not been) for N

= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)

= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）

2. 虚拟语气的时态：

3. （ From Manhattan ） if a possessive pronoun PRECEDES a possessive noun, then the assumption is that it DOESN'T stand for that noun.

4. simple example: his mother talked with joe's father.

5. in this sentence, the implication is that someone else's mother - i.e., NOT joe's mother - talked to joe's father. if it were joe's mother, then the sentence would be written, much more naturally, as joe's mother talked with his father.

选项分析：

A. 前面it指代后面主句的主语，成了指代its own weight，错误；这样的虚拟语气句子，主句必须一开头就是主语，而不能是连词、副词，因此instead错误；its指代不清

B. Instead错误同A；本句子描述的是当下的一个假设情形下的一个假设结果，要用现在时态，用would have collapsed表示了“与过去相反(也就是表示过去没崩溃)”不对。

C. Would have to be collapsing是很混乱的时态；would have to是不很肯定的语气，其表达的是have to do的内容只是一个假设，并不是真的“必须”，而have to表达的意思是，要做的事情非常重要，“必须”去做

D. correct

E. it指代了its own weight，错误；its指代不清；would have caused错误同B。

240. (GWD-12-Q30)

According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.

A. than

B. than born

C. than they were

D. than there had been (A)

E. than had been born

题目释义： …, M became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.

考点：

比较结构（comparison）

1. 完整被动主谓宾结构的比较。

2. be born into/to/of sth. (=be born in a particular situation, type of family etc.)

e.g.: 　One-third of all children are born into single-parent families.

选项分析：

A. correct；than后面省略了babies born to women；因为under与over的平行，it明确指代the age of thirty.(换句话说，有了Under就能知道than后面省略的是women了，不用像C补出they were了)

B. under it修饰了born，逻辑意思荒谬：孩子们生下来时小于30岁。

C. 根据比较的平行they指代babies，但仅补出they were使得were是助动词还是系动词不清楚，系动词的话，under it修饰了they，逻辑错误，助动词的话，they were累赘。（they仅指向babies而不是指向30岁以上母亲剩下的babies，类似的例子如：In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries.they不是指代Japan的老年人，而是就老年人）

D. had时态错误，比较双方是同时发生的，应该都用一般过去时；there无并列对象。

E. had时态错误同D。

补充说明：

比较之庖丁解牛 —by cwang

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

介宾比较： A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）

宾语比较： A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）

状语比较： A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）

ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如

Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较）

Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）

Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）

ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上述限制，如下）

AS poor as they are, they can not afford a car.

They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.

(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句）

注意AS有时不表比较的如as you work hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。

There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型

OG89

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)

以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。