说明：
本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
101. (29777-!-item-!-188;#058&004380)
The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world's smallest network digital
camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 11 ounces.
(A) to be the world's smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld
computer, and it weighs
(B) to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld
computer, weighing
(C) is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer,
and it weighs
(D) is the world's smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and
weighs
(E) is the world's smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld
computer, weighing
A. the length of the camcorder (which指代) is the length (that指代) of the a handheld computer，
逻辑不合理。如句子结构部分的分析，is as long as and weighs同修饰camcorder，应同时被which
所引导，在which从句内部。A选项用it而非which指代，导致指代不清，并且使得and it weighs
部分脱离从句笼罩，这样产生了and it weighs属于第一层次，与the company has unveiled并列
的歧义，且在这种情况下，it优先指代company
B. 由于in the world属于核心词camcorder的修饰成分，因此which可以跳跃指代camcorder，
weighing现在分词做伴随状语修饰前句which (camcorder) is as long as… 是可以接受的用法。
至于如何排除B选项，请参考D选项和本题补充说明部分的分析
C. And it weighs错误同A
D. 正确，Which紧跟在其先行词之后，紧密修饰先行词camcorder；which (camcorder) is … and
weighs … 工整平行。
E. the length of A is the length of B，错误同A；weighing的逻辑主语为the length of camcorder，
逻辑错误
句子结构：the company has unveiled what it claims is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder,
which is… and weighs…
其中it claims为插入语，对句子结构不产生影响，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词camcorder，
该从句笼罩两个动词 is as long as… and weighs。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 在比较两事物的某属性相等或相当时，我们可以使用as…as结构，而使用be动词则是不正确的。
A的长度可以“等于”B的长度，但是不能说A的长度“就是”B的长度。长度是分属于两个不同事物（在
本题中为camcorder and computer），是不同的，不能说“is”。使用is造成逻辑含义不合理。该语
法点用中文解释读者可能会难于理解，希望考生能够在英文的语境下体会be动词在此处的含义。
2) which/it等代词指代要求明确清晰，不能出现歧义或逻辑不合理
3) 在复合句中，句子主句与从句层次应该鲜明，含义合理
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 It claims为插入成分，这一现象大多数考生在此处为第一次遇到，因此很多考生会认为claim的正
确搭配为claim to do something，因而排除BCD选项。实际上is和to be在选项中都是正确的表达：
若为is，可理解为it claims是插入成分；若为to be，则可理解成what it claims to be…这一大家都
很熟悉的表达。此题难度确实比较高，这个考点在此题中起到了不小的迷惑考生的作用。但是，
通过以上各选项的分析不难看出，即使不考虑is和to be的区别，通过其他考点，我们也可以排除
掉ACE。在实际考试中，如果考生遇到不熟悉的考点，尽量不要依据这一单一考点作判断，应比
较选项中的其他差别，综合比较后再做出选择
闹闹的看法:
what it claims 是名词从句(nominal relative clause, this kind of clause functions like a noun group)，
是 is 的主语。what=the thing(s) which, 后面常跟 be(is or was)
AWA测试 A选项所分析的句子层次的问题，在本书P2-94题当中也有比较详尽的解析，希望考生仔细体会
SC-OG：1-20 此题比较明显能够首先排除ACE选项，判断主要在BD当中进行。我们分析BD选项不难看出，BD
之间的区别主要体现在修饰和指代上。回忆OG里关于修饰和指代的描述，我们可以得知，GMAT
要求修饰成分与被修饰对象在位置上紧密相邻、指代清晰、句子平行对称。既然出题者意在考察
这两点，那么我们就选择修饰最紧密、指代最清晰的选项！本题的B选项虽如上述分析，不能轻
易认为其错误，但是D选项的which只能修饰camcorder，不存在修饰world这一潜在的歧义，又紧
跟在其先行词之后，同时is and weighs平行对称，因此相较B而言，是更加好的答案。故此题选D。
在GMAT语法中，我们选择的不是“正确”选项，而是“最佳”选项。考生一定要在复习过程中强化“比
较选项之间的差别”这一解题思路，才能在实战中取得高分成绩
闹闹的看法:
B选项中的weighing修饰对象有歧义。原句中weigh的逻辑主语为camcorder，但在该选项中，如果
which…定语从句与weighing现在分词结构并列修饰camcorder，两个修饰成分之间需要加连词and，
因为现在分词结构在句尾可以作后置定语修饰紧临的名词，此处有修饰computer的歧义。
102. (29823-!-item-!-188;#058&004383)
Unlike a female grizzly bear in the Rockies, which typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square
miles, a male's range will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.
(A) Unlike a female grizzly bear in the Rockies, which typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square
miles, a male's range will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as
(B) Unlike the range of a female grizzly bear in the Rockies, typically occupying 50 to 300 square
miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally so
(C) While the typical range of a female grizzly bear in the Rockies is 50 to 300 square miles, with
males, their range can cover 200 to 500 square miles and occasionally so
(D) Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square
miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as
(E) The typical range of a female grizzly bear in the Rockies is 50 to 300 square miles, unlike males,
which will cover 200 to 500 square miles and occasionally as
A. A female bear和a male’s range比较，比较对象不对等
B. The range of a female bear和a male比较，比较对象不对等
C. With males修饰主句主语their (指代males) range，本末倒置。So many as为错误习语，肯定句
中只能使用as … as，否定句则可以使用not as … as或者not so … as
D. 正确。
E. Range与males比较，比较对象不对等
句子结构：Whereas a female grizzly bear… occupies…, a male will cover…
whereas引起从句，表示转折含义。本句的主从句中均采用了主谓宾的结构，两句平行对称：a female
grizzly bear与a male对称，occupies和will cover对称，a range of…与 200 to 500 and…对称。此外，
此句的时态也符合从句一般现在时，主句一般将来时的这一规则。
比较（Comparison）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 在任何比较结构中，比较对象一定要逻辑含义对等
2) with＋名次性成分，主语＋动宾等句子其他结构，with修饰主语，表示主语“拥有”（possess）with
后的名词性成分。（可以参考OG10-158题对A选项的解释）
103. (29869-!-item-!-188;#058&004446)
The parachutelike membranes of Africa's scaly-tailed flying squirrels differ from those of the flying
squirrels in the family Sciuridae because they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of
the wrist.
(A) because they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of
(B) because of being attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow rather than at
(C) in their attachment to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of being attached at
(D) in that they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow rather than at
(E) in their being attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of
A. 缺少介词at，比较存在歧义。
B. Because of being表达笨拙。
C. in their attachment to和being attached at形式不对称；being attached at the wrist改变句子愿意：
membranes是被附着在位于腕处的软骨棒上，而不是被直接附着在腕上
D. 正确，此句是两个介宾结构――at the elbow和at the wrist比较，第二个介词at不能省略，否则造
成歧义。可能为：attached to a cartilage rod instead of (to) the wrist，wrist和rod平行，也可能
为：cartilage rod at the elbow instead of (at) the wrist，wrist和elbow平行。根据句意可知，只
有后者才是正确答案。
E. 缺少介词at，比较存在歧义
句子结构：The membranes of A differ from those of B because….
Because引导原因状语从句，从句中的they指代membranes，与主句主语相同，rather than在从句中
引导比较结构: x rather than y，其中x为at the elbow，y为at the wrist，为平行对称的介宾结构
比较（Comparison）
X instead of y, x rather than y表示是x而不是y。这种比较结构同样要求x/y为结构对称、含义对等；
另外，谁和谁进行比较，要求清晰明确，不能产生歧义。
104. (29915-!-item-!-188;#058&004465)
The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its
size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve
pounds of dried beans a year.
(A) enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could
produce
(B) enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able
to produce
(C) enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to
produce
(D) enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is
capable of producing
(E) enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude,
could produce
A. both…and用法错误
B. both…and用法错误
C. 正确，depending on A and B, 此处A为its size, B为climate and altitude，为对应的两个名词成
分
D. Being多余
E. Both…and用法错误
句子结构：The yield… varies, because…
In that/ because引起原因状语从句。从句内部主谓结构为a single tree is able to…
depending/dependent on为插入成分，可以有两种理解：depending on… 为伴随状语，修饰从句的
主谓结构；dependent on… 可以为形容词插入语，修饰从句主语tree
习惯用语（Idiom）、平行对称（Parrallelism）
both x and y, both…and also以及both…as well as均错误。其中x、y要求是形式对称，内容平行的成
分。当存在介词时，如本句中的on，可以为on both A and B，或者both on A and on B。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 Depending on… 和 dependent on… 均为合理的用法，因此这两者之间的区别并非本题的考点。
AWA测试 此句描述的为一个客观事实，且主句位于varies属于一般现在时，所以because引起的从句也以一
般现在时为佳，因此在时态上，BCD相较AE为佳。但除此之外，can/ be able to/ be capable of
的区别和优劣不是本题的考点。
105. (29961-!-item-!-188;#058&004575)
2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when the company had lost $7.4
billion, which was primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.
(A) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of
(B) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from
(C) when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily because of
(D) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, and that was primarily because of
(E) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from
A. 过去完成时态错误，此句的when从句只是说明在1992这个年份该公司损失了多少钱这一发生在
过去的简单事实，应使用一般过去时态；which没有指代对象。
B. 过去完成时态错误。
C. 正确。
D. Which is多余；and that在前句中没有可平行的对象，表达啰嗦。
E. Which is多余
句子结构：2001 proved to be…, when the company lost…, because of…
when非限制性引导定语从句对1992年进行进一步解释说明。
简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) which is when… 这种接连两个连接词的情况，是错误的，应该直接使用when修饰年代。
2) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义。
106. (30007-!-item-!-188;#058&004599)
As with those of humans, the DNA of grape plants contains sites where certain unique sequences
of nucleotides are repeated over and over.
(A) As with those of humans, the DNA of grape plants contains sites where
(B) As human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contain sites in which
(C) As it is with human DNA, the DNA of grape plants, containing sites in which
(D) Like humans, the DNA of grape plants contain sites where
(E) Like human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contains sites in which
A. As with…为错误的表达法
B. 作为人类DNA，葡萄类植物的DNA包含特殊部位。显然，逻辑含义不合理
C. 该选项缺少谓语，为残缺的句子(sentence fragment)。此外，it精确指代葡萄类植物的DNA，as it
is with human DNA，表明葡萄类植物的DNA在人类的DNA中起到了作用。显然，也是逻辑含义
混乱的选项
D. 将human与葡萄类植物的DNA相比，比较对象不对等
E. 正确。
句子结构：…, the DNA… contains sites in which…
in which或where引起定语从句修饰sites。
比较（Comparison）, 有效用词（Diction）
1) like比较结构，要求比较对象对等
2) As的用法主要有两种：1）作为介词后面接名次性成分，表示“作为”某种事物；2）作连词接句子，
为方式状语，表示与作某事的方式相似。不管是哪种用法，逻辑含义合理均为基本要求。
补充说明
It指代的用法可以参考OG10-199题对A/B选项的解释
107. (30053-!-item-!-188;#058&004625)
Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had
been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
(A) Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had
been made, he
(B) Galileo had not invented the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument having been made,
(C) Galileo, even though he had not invented the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an
optical instrument had been made, he
(D) Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical
instrument had been made,
(E) Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument being made, he
A. 正确，两个动词时态均使用正确。伽利略没有发明望远镜是个事实，所以本句的第一个动词invent，
适用一般过去时。如果使用过去完成时，则表示伽利略是在built his own device之前没有发明望
远镜，暗含在此之后可能发明了望远镜之意。这使得句子逻辑含义出现瑕疵，相比之下，一般过
去时更加准确。而望远镜在1609年这一过去的时间点之前，就已经被发明了，所以本句的第二
个动词made，适用过去完成时。
B. 过去完成时态错误；but引导的句子缺少主语，句子结构不完整。
C. 过去完成时态错误；Galileo和he在此句中同时作主语，句子结构错误。
D. 主句缺少主语，选项最后应补上he。
E. Being made现在分词表示动作正在进行，与句子原意不符。
句子结构：Galileo did not invent the telescope, but… he built his own device… 为句子主结构。
On hearing that…作为时间状语修饰but引导的表转折的从句；that为同位语从句，表示hearing的具
体内容；in 1609为插入语，表hearing的时间。
动词形式（Verb Form）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义。
2) 陈述句要求句子主谓具全，否则为残缺的句子，也不能出现多个主语。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 C选项使用大量的插入语，使Galieo与其主句的主谓he built隔开，考生容易忽视这里有两个重复
的主语。这也是GMAT设置错误选项陷阱的一种常用手法。
108. (30099-!-item-!-188;#058&004651)
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than
ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent
of the population when compared to 20 percent in 2000.
(A) population when compared to 20 percent in 2000
(B) population as compared to 2000, when it was 20 percent
(C) population, comparing it with 20 percent in 2000
(D) population, unlike 2000, with 20 percent
(E) population, compared with 20 percent in 2000
A. when compared的用法不对，compare动作的发出者是group，即主句的主语，此处不符合逻辑，
应该是35% was compared to…
状语从句中（如果其主语与主句主语相同）省略是个常见现象，从句中的一些词（如主语和系动
词）常可省略。
B. As compared to后面接的是年份：2000――将人口的35％与年份2000年相比，前后比较对象不
对等；it没有指代对象
C. Comparing为主动形式，用法错误；it没有指代对象
D. Unlike 2000的逻辑主语为句子主语this group，比较对象不对等。
E. 正确。
句子结构：…; … this group made up…, compared with…
本句使用分号（;）隔开前后两个分句，两个分句相互独立，处于同一层次，相互之间意思关联，但
是没有从属关系。
比较（Comparison）, 有效用词（Diction）
1) compare with/to比较结构，要求比较对象对等。
2) compare一词表示比较时，应使用被动：A is compared with/to B。主动的compare表达的意思为：
可与某事物比较、与某事物一样好、美等。
109. (30145-!-item-!-188;#058&004686)
Unlike psychiatrists, who are trained as medical doctors, psychologists have historically been
forbidden from prescribing their patients drugs, but in 2002 New Mexico began to grant the privilege
of prescribing to licensed, doctoral level psychologists who complete an additional training and
certification program.
(A) psychologists have historically been forbidden from prescribing their patients drugs, but in 2002
New Mexico began to grant the privilege of prescribing
(B) psychologists have historically been forbidden to prescribe drugs for their patients, but in 2002
New Mexico began granting prescribing privileges
(C) psychologists have historically been forbidden to prescribe their patients drugs, but in 2002 in
New Mexico, the privilege to prescribe began to be granted
(D) historically psychologists have been forbidden from prescribing their patients drugs, but in 2002
New Mexico began to grant the privilege of prescribing
(E) historically psychologists have been forbidden from prescribing drugs for their patients, but in
2002 in New Mexico, they began granting prescribing privileges
A. forbid from doing something不正确
B. 正确。
C. 被动语态表达啰嗦。
D. forbid from doing something不正确
E. forbid from doing something不正确，they没有指代的对象
习惯用语（Idiom）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) forbid somebody to do something, prohibit somebody from doing something为正确的习语
2) prescribe somebody something, prescribe something for somebody/something为正确的习语
3) begin doing something, begin to do something均为正确的习语
4) 在不必须使用被动语态的时候，一般不适用被动。或者说，在GMAT考试当中，主动优于被动。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 在日常英语当中，forbid from doing something也是正确的，但在GMAT当中，这种使用方法不正
确
110. (30191-!-item-!-188;#058&004698)
The ivory-billed woodpecker, once the largest woodpecker in North America at a striking 20 inches
tall, has moved in and out of the extinct category, with scientists consistently unable to find solid
proof for the bird to still exist.
(A) for the bird to still exist
(B) for the bird as still existing
(C) for the bird's continued existence
(D) that the bird still exists
(E) of the bird and its continued existence
A. proof习语用法错误
B. as existing表达错误
C. for… continued existence表达啰嗦
D. 正确。
E. and后面的its continued existence与solid proof并列，作find的宾语，不符合逻辑意思。
句子结构：The ivory-billed woodpecker, …, has moved…, with…
with部分为复合型独立主格结构。但句子考查的部分仅为proof的限定性定语从句。句子划线部分想表
达的意思为：这种鸟仍在存在的证据。
习惯用语（Idiom）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) proof的常用表达方式为proof for sth, proof that从句。
2) and连接并列结构时，要注意其连接对象在逻辑上是否平行，是否符合原句意思。
补充说明
独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟
主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立
主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成
分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名
词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短
语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
GMAT 当中常出现的独立主格结构只有一种，即 with 复合结构。它的构成是：“with ＋ 宾语 ＋
宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、
名词等充当。
E.g.: He used to sleep, with the door open. 他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）
E.g.: With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village. （现在分词）
E.g.: With the work done，he went home. （过去分词）
E.g.: With you to help us，we will finish the task in time. （不定式）
E.g.: Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night. （副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在 with 复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓
关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词；当这种主谓
关系表示将来意义时，用不定式；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
111. (30237-!-item-!-188;#058&004708)
Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into
view 340,000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's protective
ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
(A) that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
(B) that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
(C) of a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago and that it
emitted
(D) of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting
(E) of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted
A. evidence that… 从句中的句子无谓语：a star (that was as bright as the full moon) exploding…；
emitting看似与exploding平行，但缺少连词建立这两个动词之间的关系。
B. 正确，详见“句子结构”分析。
C. Evidence of a star不如evidence that…表达有效。该选项，that成为修饰star的定语从句，整个
句子的主结构变成：Astronomers have uncovered evidence of a star――宇航员发现了关于某
颗恒星的证据，至于原句要强调的证据的具体内容，被定语从句给“淹没”了；该选项存在平行的
两个定语从句：a star that… and that…。第二个定语从句中it多余，that已经指代主语star，it同
指代主语star，使这部分从句出现双主语。
D. Of应该为that
E. Of应该为that；that位于moon之后，引导的定语从句错误地修饰了moon。
句子结构：Astronomers have uncovered evidence that…为句子主结构（第一层次）。
That引导从句解释evidence的内容，为第二层次。从句内部主结构为: a star exploded into… emitting
现在分词位于句尾，用逗号（;）与前句隔开，作为伴随状语修饰前句，逻辑主语与前句主语相同，
为star。伴随状语部分that引起限定性定语从句（第三层次）修饰radiation，该定语从句内部两个动词
要求平行：could have disrupted and sunburned….
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 句子，不管是主句还是从句，均要求基本句子结构完整，主语谓语必须齐全。
2) 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可
以很清楚的说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介词、代词，使句子简单清晰。
3) and前后连接的部分应该平行对称。
112. (30283-!-item-!-188;#058&005246)
In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it
more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.
(A) In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers,
making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.
(B) Making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow, interest rates were raised
by British policymakers, in hopes of their restraining economic growth.
(C) In making borrowing for businesses and consumers more expensive, British policymakers, in
hopes they will restrain economic growth, had raised interest rates.
(D) Hopefully restraining economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making more
expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers.
(E) Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more
expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.
A. In hoping的逻辑主语不能为该句主语：interest rates，句子逻辑含义不合理；主句的被动语态没
有必要。
B. Making的逻辑主语不能为该句主语：interest rates，句子逻辑含义不合理；主句的被动语态没有
必要。
C. 使用过去完成时态没有依据。
D. Making more expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers表达笨拙。
E. 正确，making现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴随状语表结果。本句逻辑最为通
顺：控制经济增长速度是决策者调整利率的目的，借贷成本更高是调整利率之后的结果。
句子结构：Hoping to…, …policymakers raised the interest rates, making…
Hoping位于句首，修饰主语policymakers，making现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴
随状语表结果。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 动词形式（Verb Form）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 现在分词位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语要求一致
2) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义
3) 非“必要”的情况下，一般不要使用被动语态；被动语态在GMAT当中多被认为awkward
补充说明
不考虑逻辑主语的问题，我们可以体会一下本题的正确选项E是如何处理hope to…、raise interest
rates、make it more expensive这几个动词的关系的。我们不难发现，只有在E选项中，句子的逻辑
流最为通常：控制经济增长速度是决策者调整利率的目的，为了达到目的决策者调整了利息，调整利
息这一行为导致了借贷成本更高这一结果。看其他选项，我们虽然不能说在这几个动词的应用上一定
错，但是从逻辑流的角度来说，都不如E通顺。GMAT改错题中，当出现连续的动作时，这些动词在
句中出现的排列顺序都是有讲究的：可以按照时间先后、动作完成先后、因果联系等多种顺序排列，
但决不是随意的。GMAT语法的“优美”之处，也正在于此。
113. (30329-!-item-!-188;#058&005247)
During the last interglacial period, the climate on the Earth was warmer than it is today, and the
consequent melting of the polar ice caps caused the sea level to raise about 60 feet over and above
what its height presently is now.
(A) sea level to raise about 60 feet over and above what its height presently is now
(B) sea level to be raised over its height presently about 60 feet
(C) sea level to rise about 60 feet above its present height
(D) level of the seas to rise over and above its present height about 60 feet
(E) level of the seas to be raised over their height, now about 60 feet
A. raise使用错误，应为rise；presently和now语义重复；over and above… 罗嗦，直接用rise about
60 feet above… 即可
B. to be raised使用被动没有必要；将原形容词present变成副词presently，被修饰的对象随即发生
改变：present原用来形容height，而presently用来形容动词raised，句子意思发生严重改变――
极地冰层融化导致海平面在最近升高了60英尺。
C. 正确。
D. Level of the seas罗嗦；over and above…罗嗦，直接用rise about 60 feet above… 即可
E. to be raised使用被动没有必要；their为复数，因而只能强制指代seas，seas height为含义不合
理的搭配；句子要表达的意思为间冰川时期的海平面高度比现在海平面高度“高出”60英尺，而不
是说现在海平面高度“是”60英尺，该选项完全改变了句子意思
句子结构：…, the climate… was warmer…, and the melting of… caused…
during位于句首作主句the climate on the Earth was warmer的时间状语，and连接并列句，该并列句
原主句构成因果关系。The+动名次，将动作含义的动名次名词话了，melting本身强调的是动作的概
念，而the melting则强将名词概念。cause somebody/something to do something为固定搭配。
有效用词（Diction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) raise表示抬高、提高，或者种植、繁育，为及物动词。因此，raise后面应加宾语：raise something，
或者使用被动语态：He was raised in the U.S. 而rise为不及物动词，表示上升。
2) 非“必要”的情况下，一般不要使用被动语态，被动语态在GMAT当中多被认为awkward，主动语态
绝大多数情况下优于被动语态
3) 考生要注意选项当中出现的语义重复的情况，如本题中的present和now
4) 当形容词、副词词性在不同的选项中转变时，考生要额外注意使用形容词或者副词带来的句子意
思的变化。
补充说明
SC-GWD测试 Level of the seas并非错误的结构，但从GMAT用词造句简洁的角度考虑，sea level明显优于level
of the seas
AWA测试 在两种情况中考生应该额外注意修饰关系的变化：
修饰成分的位置发生改变时，读者可参考本书P1-139题；
修饰成分的词性发生改变时，如本题
这两种情况很容易引起句子逻辑含义的变化，有些变化是可以接受的，但是绝大多数的变化都会
导致逻辑含义的不合理。在实际考试的紧张气氛下，考生往往难以区分这些细小的变化对题目造成的
影响，因此，考生在平时训练时更应该着力体会这一点，这样才能培养对该考点的警觉性。
114. (30375-!-item-!-188;#058&005280)
While Hans Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars have
long been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who was
fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the rational tradition of
Northern Europe.
(A) been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
(B) been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
(C) recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist who
(D) recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
(E) recognized him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
A. As介宾短语后两个and出现，错误
B. For being a draftsman用法错误，应用as；and he was fundamental…使该句的主句出现两套完
整的主谓，构成run-on错误
C. 正确。
D. 同B选项，and he was… 构成run-on错误
E. For being a draftsman用法错误，应用as，and who…中的and多余。
句子结构：While…, scholars have long recognized him as…
While引起的从句可译为“尽管”，表转折，as引导的介宾结构作主句谓语recognized的宾语补足语，其
中as A and B，A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。
动词形式（Verb Form）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 习惯用语（Idiom）, 句子结构（Grammatical
Construction）
1) have recognized vs. have been recognizing过去完成时态与过去完成进行时态。
2) as引导的介宾结构，as A and B，A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。原句中as结构后面出现了两个
连词and，一定是错误的。此处关于who从句的处理可以有两种方式：1）
将who理解为与draftsman、artist平行
在这种情况下as介宾短语的并列形式为：as a superb draftsman, a remarkable versatile
artist, and who was….
将who从句理解成artist的定语从句
此情况下，第二个and必须去掉，介宾结构变为：as a draftsman and an artist who was….
3) recognize somebody as somebody/something
4) 在一个单句当中，只能出现一套主谓结构。句子主语可以是多个人或物、谓语也可以是并列的多
个动词，比如: A, B and C are singing. 或者People come and go. 但是不能出现多套主谓关系，
如: A sang and B danced. 当多套主谓在同一句子中出现时，需要适当的标点符号将其隔开，如：
A sang; B danced. 或者 A sang, and B danced.这样才是正确的句子。
115. (30421-!-item-!-188;#058&005366)
Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for
throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when Europeans saw
Dharug-speaking men tossing "bumariny" in the area later known as Sydney.
(A) Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for
throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788,
(B) Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for
throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians ever since 1788,
(C) Ever since 1788, non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects
made for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from
(D) Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been
called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from
(E) Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing
boomerangs ever since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from
A. 正确，该句多处出现数的概念：their、any/all、object/objects、boomerang/boomerangs等。
B. Their与any object、has been called单复数不一致
C. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密
D. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密
E. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密
句子结构：…, … objects… have been called boomerangs…
Regardless of something表示不受…的影响，位于句首修饰句子主语。句子采用被动语态避免主动语
态下的头重脚轻的状况，since 1788位于完成时态之后。When紧跟在其修饰对象1788之后，修饰关
系紧密。
主谓一致（Agreement）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 主谓一致、单复数一致。考生需要注意在长句中，数的概念要始终保持一致。
2) GMAT要求修饰成分与被修饰对象在位置上紧密相邻、指代清晰。在该题中，只有A、B选项的时
间定语从句when Europeans saw… 紧跟在被修饰的先行词――时间1788年之后。CDE选项中的
when从句与其修饰对象被大量其他成分隔开，距离很远，修饰不紧密。
补充说明
Regardless of something，词典的解释为：without being affected or influenced by something
被动语态
此题的正确选项使用了被动语态。本书已经花了很多笔墨强调一般情况下被动语态都不是正确选
项。因此，在本题中，分别以A、C为例，我们可以分析一下在该题中为何被动语态优于主动语态，
以加深读者对主动、被动的认识。
A选项中，regardless of their form or function位于句首，准确的修饰了句子主语objects made for
throwing，their也无疑义地指向了主语objects，boomerangs作called的宾语非常清晰，when紧跟在
其指代的先行词1788之后，动宾关系、修饰关系紧密。如果改为主动语态，则为：non-Australians have
called【all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing】boomerangs. 括号内为
called的宾语，boomerangs为宾补，头重脚轻。此外，regardless of的被修饰对象objects被埋在句子
中间，修饰不如A选项那么紧密、直接。所以，相比之下，A选项用被动语态，在该题中为更好的选
择。
实际上在该题中，我们不需要理解被动的用法也可以做对该题。之所以在此处分析被动语态的问
题，是希望考生能够对GMAT改错部分的核心标准“准确、清晰、简洁”有更深层次的认识。
116. (30709-!-item-!-188;#058&005763)
George Washington Carver dedicated his life to the economic strengthening of the South with
improvement of soil and diversification of crops.
(A) the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops
(B) strengthening the economy in the South with soil improvement and the diversification of crops
(C) strengthening the economy of the South through soil improvement and crop diversification
(D) the strengthening of the economy of the South through improving soil and crop diversifying
(E) the economic strengthening in the South with improving soil and diversifying crops
A. With应该为through
B. With应该为through；soil improvement和diversification of crops结构不平行；in the South与of the
South表达的含义不同。
C. 正确。
D. Improving soil和crop diversifying不平行，前者为动宾词组（动词性质），后者为名词性质
E. With应该为through；in the South与of the South表达的含义不同。
句子结构：George dedicated his life to (doing) something through A and B.
其中，A和B为结构对称、含义平行的短语结构。
平行对称（Parallelism）, 有效用词（Diction）
1) through A and B, A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。做到了这一平行的选项包括A – improvement of
soil and diversification of crops，采用了两个of介词短语、C选项 – soil improvement and crop
diversification、以及E选项 – improving soil and diversifying crops，采用两个动名词化的动宾结
构
2) dedicate something to/for something, 此处的to为介词，接名词、动名词、或名词性词组
3) 表示通过某种方式、通过做某事达到某种效果时，多用介词through，with表达的意思不同。
比较说明
此题的dedicate his life to the economic strengthening, to strengthening the economy, 以及to the
strengthening of the economy在语法上均没有绝对的错误，都是可以接受的表达方式。只是相比较就
GMAT“准确、清晰、简洁”这一原则而言，使用能够表示动作含义的to strengthening the economy更
加符合GMAT一贯的精准原则，也就是考生熟知的“动词优于名词”原则。
117. (30755-!-item-!-188;#058&005865)
Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one
in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
(A) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the
oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a
similar one in Beijing, it is
(B) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest
known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar
one in Beijing and is
(C) The Altar of Heaven, having been constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D.
581-618) and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000
years older than a similar one in Beijing and
(D) The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618)
and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing and is
(E) The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui
dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is
A. Run-on sentence：无连词、逗号连接两个独立的句子――the Altar of Heaven is…以及it is…；
more than 1,000 years older与其修饰对象the Altar位置关系不紧密
B. 正确，constructed…正确修饰主语 the Altar of Heaven，同位语the oldest known altar对主语起
进一步修饰作用；is more than 1,000 years older与is the only alter平行对称
C. Having been constructed用法错误；having been constructed… and the oldest known altar…，
前后连接的部分不平行
D. 句子成分残缺，缺谓语is
E. 句子成分残缺，只有主语，缺少谓语。
句子结构：The Altar of Heaven is ... and is….为句子主结构。
Constructed…正确修饰主语 the Altar of Heaven，同位语the oldest known altar紧跟在主语后面，用
一对逗号将其与句子主成分隔开，对主语起进一步修饰作用；is more than 1,000 years older与is the
only alter平行对称
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 句子主谓要求完整，不能无连词出现两套主谓，暂不累述
2) GMAT要求修饰成分与被修饰对象在位置上紧密相邻、指代清晰
118. (30801-!-item-!-188;#058&005879)
Scientists have found new evidence of people initially registering emotions like sadness or anger in
much the same way as heartburn--by monitoring what's going on within their bodies.
(A) of people initially registering emotions like sadness or anger in much the same way as
(B) of people initially registering emotions such as sadness or anger much the same as
experiencing
(C) that people initially register emotions such as sadness or anger in much the same way as they
experience
(D) that a person initially registers emotions such as sadness or anger much the same way as
experiencing
(E) that a person initially registers emotions like sadness or anger much the same as
A. Like使用错误，应为such as；evidence of的用法不如evidence that….
B. much the same as为形容词成分，在该句中只能修饰紧跟在其前面的anger，与句子原意不同――
原句为in the same way as…做状语，修饰动词register；evidence of的用法不如evidence that….
C. 正确。
D. A person registers与未划线部分their数不一致；much the same as错误。
E. A person registers与未划线部分their数不一致；like使用错误，应为such as；much the same as
错误。
句子结构：Scientists have found new evidence that…. 句子划线部分设在evidence的同位语从句当
中，该从句为比较句，将两种方式进行对比，采用了in the same way as引起比较。
指代一致（Agreement）, 有效用词（Diction）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 比较
（Comparison）
1) 注意未划线部分名词单复数的提示，使划线部分与其一致。
2) like作介词表示“与…相似”，like在GMAT语法中不能起到举例的作用，需使用such as
3) 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可
以很清楚的说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介词、代词，使句子简单清晰
4) 此句正确选项用in much the same way as 连接前后两个句子，比较register和experience两个动
作的方式，实际可以理解成为前后两句主谓的比较。而比较对象对等，在这里为句子与句子比较；
结构对称在这里为主谓搭配people register与主谓搭配they experience对称
119. (30847-!-item-!-188;#058&005883)
After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in core
samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able to
reconstruct the history of precipitation in tropical South America over the past 25,000 years.
(A) the types of fossilized algae present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in
the Andes, a group of scientists was able
(B) the types of fossilized algae that are present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake
Titicaca in the Andes, it was possible for a group of scientists
(C) the types of fossilized algae that had been present in core samples taken from the bottom of
Lake Titicaca in the Andes, that made it possible for a group of scientists
(D) what types of fossilized algae had been present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake
Titicaca in the Andes, it was possible for a group of scientists
(E) what the types of fossilized algae were that were present in core samples taken from the bottom
of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able
A. 正确。
B. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语。
C. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语；过去完成时态使用错误。
D. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语；what从句与 the levels of…不平行。
E. what从句与 the levels of…不平行；were that were present in core samples笨拙且结构不清晰。
句子结构：After determining A and B, a group of scientists was able to….
该句中，A and B要求平行对称：A为the levels of …，因此，B应该为the types of …。
由于现在分词位于句首其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语一致，因此，句子主语只能是a group of
scientists。
逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 动词形式（Verb Form）
1) 现在分词位于句首作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
2) the levels of… 需与 the types of… 平行对称
3) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义
补充说明
请读者注意本题的主谓搭配：a group of scientists was able to…. 集合名词做主语，包括team、group
等，谓语用单数。
120. (30893-!-item-!-188;#058&005903)
Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary turtle
species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.
(A) their horny jaws function for teeth
(B) its horny jaws function for teeth
(C) its horny jaws function as do teeth
(D) the horny jaws function as teeth do
(E) the horny jaws function as teeth
A. Their与未划线部分the turtle has been的数不一致
B. function习语使用错误
C. function习语使用错误
D. function习语使用错误
E. 正确。
句子结构：Although…, …edges of… function as teeth.
本句为一比较简单的由although引起表示转折让步从句的主从复合句。主要考点在于function的习惯
用法。
主谓一致（Agreement）, 习惯用语（Idiom）
1) 注意未划线部分名词单复数的提示，使划线部分与其一致。
2) function as something为正确的习语
